Análise comparativa do escoamento superficial de microbacias experimentais em clima semiárido tropical

This study was carried out to evaluate the hydrological relationship of two catchments with similarcharacteristics, as well as to quantify the effect of the vegetation management to generate runoff at micro-scale.This study was conducted in two experimental catchments, one covered with native vegetation and other withthinned vegetation, with areas of 2.06 and 1.15 ha, respectively, located at Iguatu municipality, Ceará, Brazil.This study was carried out during the rainfall seasons in the years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, in a total of198 rainfall events. In native watershed 75 runoff events were registered, while in thinned one 62 runoff eventsoccurred. Results showed that the thinned vegetation promoted the reduction in the runoff, with a effectiveprecipitation of 9.0% for the catchment cover with native vegetation and 5.6% for the catchment with thinnedvegetation. The influence of the land cover was also observed at the peak discharge. The thinned vegetationshowed a peak discharge equal to 3.73 L s-1 ha-1 while the native vegetation showed a peak discharge equal to 4.42 Ls-1 ha-1 with a difference around 15.6%. The rise groundcover due to the thinning of vegetation led to a reduction ofrunoff and decrease the peak flows. Results point out that thinned vegetation is a adequate management practicefor production pasture and water retention capacity of soil wich promotes the conservation of natural resources.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as relações hidrológicas de duas microbacias hidrográficas comcaracterísticas similares localizadas no semiárido brasileiro, bem como quantificar o efeito do manejo da vegetaçãona geração do escoamento para condições de pequena escala. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas unidadesexperimentais, uma coberta com vegetação nativa e outra com vegetação raleada, com áreas de respectivamente2,06 e 1,15 ha, situadas no município de Iguatu, Ceará. A investigação foi realizada durante as estações chuvosasdos anos de 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012, totalizando 198 eventos com chuva, sendo que um total de 75 e 62 eventos,respectivamente, geraram escoamento nas microbacias nativa e raleada. O estudo demonstrou que o manejode raleamento da vegetação promoveu redução na lâmina drenada, com um coeficiente de escoamento de 9,0%para a microbacia com a vegetação Caatinga nativa e 5,6% para a com vegetação raleada. A influência do manejofoi observada também no pico de descarga das microbacias, 3,73 L s-1 ha-1 para a raleada contra 4,42 L s-1 ha-1para a nativa, o que representa uma diferença de 15,6%. O surgimento do estrato herbáceo em decorrênciado raleamento da vegetação gerou uma redução do escoamento superficial e menores picos de descargas. Talresposta hidrológica aponta um manejo adequado para produção de pastagem e retenção de umidade no solo, oque promove a conservação dos recursos naturais

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOGENIC, INTERMEDIATE AND PHYSICOGENIC SOIL AGGREGATES OF AREAS IN THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST

Aggregate formation and stability are related to soil quality, contributing significantly to the carbon storage and nutrient maintenance capacities of the soil. Soil aggregates are formed by two different process: physicogenic, related to moistening and drying cycles and input of organic matter; and biogenic, related to the action of macrofauna organisms and roots. The objective this work was to classify aggregates according to their formation process, quantify and compare organic carbon contents in humic substances and assess the stability of aggregates formed by different processes, in areas with different coverage in the Mid Paraiba Valley, Pinheiral, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Aggregated soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-10 cm, in a Cambisol (Cambissolo Háplico Tb Distrófico) under four plant covers: secondary forest in advanced (SFAS), medium (SFMS) and initial (SFIS) successional stages and managed mixed pasture (MMP). Aggregates were classified and identified into three morphological classes (physicogenic, biogenic and intermediate). The variables evaluated were mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates, chemical fractions of organic matter, total organic carbon (TOC) and humic substances: humin (C-HUM) humic acid (C-FAH) and fulvic acid (C-FAF). Biogenic aggregates were found in smaller quantities and showed higher TOC, C-HUM and C-FAH, compared to intermediate and physicogenic aggregates. Thus, biogenic aggregates have potential to be used as soil quality indicators for structured environments, which are able to maintain its intrinsic formation processes

ProAlga - Uso e Vantagens da Aplicação do Extrato de Macroalgas Marinhas na Agricultura e na Pecuária

As macroalgas são usadas em todo o mundo em uma gama de aplicações, contudo, a principal utilização deste recurso natural renovável está representada no consumo na alimentação direta para humanidade. Estima-se que a produção de plantas aquáticas, em 2016, alcançou o total de 24,9 milhões de toneladas, sendo a maior parte composta por macroalgas. A aquicultura foi responsável por 96% deste montante, sendo as principais espécies cultivadas a Kappaphycus alvarezii e Euchema spp. Os ficocolóides estão  entre os principais produtos derivados dessas macroalgas, representando 50 mil toneladas de peso seco produzidas anualmente. Economicamente, os valores globais das macroalgas processadas, industrialmente, têm sido calculados na ordem de um bilhão de dólares, sendo que, a demanda destes produtos tem sido incrementada em cerca de 10% ao ano. Tradicionalmente as macroalgas têm sido coletadas em locais de estoques naturais, mas, estes estoques vêm diminuindo em todos os bancos. Este processo de empobrecimento das reservas naturais de macroalgastem estimulado o desenvolvimento de técnicas de maricultura que vem superando o extrativismo desde 1993. As ações do ProAlga estão sustentadas na divulgação de proposta no intuito de esclarecer a população sobre  o uso e as vantagens da aplicação do extrato de macroalgas marinhas na agricultura e na pecuária, como forma de aumentar o rendimento nestas áreas de agronegócio. De maio de 2008 até agosto de 2017 foram realizadas 199 apresentações registradas do ProAlga. Nestas apresentações são mostradas aspectos do panorama da aquicultura referentes à produção de manejo de Macroalgas, particularmente, aquelas da espécie e Kappaphycus alvarezii. Esforços acadêmicos tem sido efetuados na UFRJ, UFRN e UFC,  com o propósito  de inserir a biomassa da macroalgas, cultivadas no ambiente marinho, como matéria prima para a produção de biocombustível, em especial o etanol. Fazendas de algas em pequena escala para fins de produção de biocombustível já começaram a operar em todo o mundo. O método tradicional de cultivo de algas marinhas exige um trabalho intensivo. Quando feito a partir de esporos, os embriões das macroalgas, que medem alguns décimos de milímetros de tamanho, são colocados para se fixarem em barbantes de nylon. Depois, os barbantes impregnados de macroalgas juvenis são enrolados em torno cordas, que são levadas ao mar, onde as macroalgas vão crescer,  sendo a colheita feita à mão. Procedimentos sequenciais de prensagem para extração do suco, que funciona como  bioestimulante para uso agrícola e pecuário, e da biomassa, que se presta para variadas atividades industriais, são executados para garantir a utilização racional de uma biorrefinaria. Nas biorrefinarias de macroalgas os produtos e  subprodutos se apresentam como fonte de trabalho e renda para todos os envolvidos na cadeia produtiva. Esse é o desenho apresentado nas proposta do ProAlga-UFRJ. Palavras Chaves: Bioestimulante vegetal; Bioestimulante para uso animal; Bioetanol;   Aquicultura consorciada

EROSIVE PROCESS CONTROL IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMIARID REGION

The adoption of measures to prevent and control erosive processes requires information about the factors affecting the erosion and the sediment transport conditions. However, the sediment yield of a basin depends on the availability of eroded material and the sediment transport capacity. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the factors that affect the sediment transport capacity at different spatial scales in an area with caatinga vegetation. The study was carried out in the Iguatu Experimental Basin, in the state of Ceará, Brazil, from 2009 to 2014, by monitoring two scale levels: watershed with 2.06 ha, and erosion plot with 20 m². The variables evaluated for the rainfall events were precipitation, intensity of rainfall, antecedent soil moisture, precipitation of the antecedent five days, consecutive dry days, peak flow, runoff depth, and sediment yield. During the study period, 263 rainfall events (>2 mm) and 86 events generating runoff were recorded. Three Principal Components (PC) were developed using the Principal Component Analysis, which explained more than 79% of the total variance. Variables connected to the kinetic energy capacity of the rainfall to disaggregate soil particles, the energy for sediment transport, and the soil water content were framed in the CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively. In the evaluated scales, the sediment yield presented a high correlation with the runoff depth, which indicates limiting conditions for sediment yield by the mass flow energy

Land use and trophic state dynamics in a tropical semi-arid reservoir

Water body eutrophication process has been a serious problem around the world, especially in semiarid and arid region where main approach to storage water is reservoir. The aim of this work was to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability in water quality of a reservoir in a semi-arid tropical region with regards to its trophic state, and to identify the sources of nutrient input to the reservoir. Essa pesquisa foi realizada no reservatório Orós, segundo maior do estado do Ceará-Brasil. This research was developed in the Orós reservoir, the second one most important reservoir in Ceará State, Brazil. Samples were collected bimonthly during the period April 2008 to April 2010, from sex sampling points representing the outlet of tributaries, and one point down of the dam. The study included the following variables: total phosphorus, transparency and chlorophyll-a. Trophic state was evaluated by application of the Carlson modified Trophic State Index (TSI). Maps of the spatial and seasonal dynamics of the water quality in the reservoir were constructed using GIS soft. According to the average values of total phosphorus (> 0.050 mg L-1), the waters can be classified as eutrophic. The highest concentrations of chlorophyll-a were found during the dry season, with values ranging from 3.8 to 26.5 µg L-1, showing high temporal and spatial variations. The waters presented as eutrophic regarding average TSI, at all points sampled. The results indicate a deterioration in water quality and the need for intervention to reduce the release of waste, and thus improve the trophic state of the waters of the Orós reservoir

Lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy

Abstract Adverse reactions to food intake have very diverse etiology and symptomatology. Regarding milk, its food allergy is presented as lactose intolerance, the sugar in milk, or allergy to milk protein. Despite having different symptomatology, confusions among allergic conditions to dairy and its mediators are common. Milk protein allergy originates from protein components present in milk, causing reactions to either the protein fractions in emulsion (caseins) or in whey (milk albumin). The allergic reaction is type IV mediated by T lymphocytes. The allergic reaction produces severe cellular damage and it triggers physical, mental and emotional symptomatology that may vary in time, intensity and severity. Lactose intolerance is originated by total or partial absence of the enzyme that digests this disaccharide. Lactose intolerance can be primary or congenital and secondary; the former being more rare and severe, the latter being more common. Lactase deficiency can be diagnosed by symptoms associated with cramping and diarrhea. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct a review of available literature on cow’s milk protein allergy and lactose intolerance