Impacto Norma General Técnica N°0146 en Aceptación de Donantes de Sangre

Tesis (Tecnólogo Médico, mención bioanálisis clínico, inmunohematología y banco de sangre)La donación de sangre es un acto voluntario y humanitario que se realiza con el fin de ayudar a la terapia transfusional de los pacientes que lo requieren. Como la sangre es un bien escaso y sólo se puede obtener de otra persona, ha sido fundamental enfocar los esfuerzos para aumentar la captación de donantes seguros en todo el mundo. En Chile, organismos como el Centro de Sangre Valparaíso (CSV), garantizan la entrega de componentes sanguíneos seguros, mediante el cumplimiento de los criterios de selección del donante dispuesto en la normativa decretada por el Ministerio de Salud. Esta normativa tiene como objetivo proteger al donante y brindar seguridad a la terapia transfusional de pacientes. Recientemente, la normativa dispuesta por el Ministerio de Salud ha sido modificada en diferentes aspectos con el fin de ajustarse de mejor forma a la realidad actual y aumentar la seguridad sanguínea, creándose así, la Norma General Técnica N°0146 con fecha 5 de febrero del 2013. Objetivo: A partir de los cambios realizados en los criterios de selección del donante, se analiza el impacto que producen estas modificaciones, en la captación de donantes Metodología: Los datos fueron obtenidos del Centro de Sangre Valparaíso, con ellos se realizó un estudio retrospectivo sobre los principales criterios de selección que produjeron la exclusión de los potenciales donantes en los últimos cinco años. Resultados: 1. No hubo diferencia significativa con la aplicación de la nueva norma. 2. Existen diferencias significativas individuales en cinco criterios de exclusión modificados en la nueva norma. 3. Las causas de exclusión más frecuente entre ambas normativas es “Pareja nueva” y “Promiscuidad”.Conclusiones:En Chile es necesaria la implementación de programas de educación a la población sobre la donación voluntaria de sangre, en conjunto de la aplicación de políticas acorde a realidad nacional

Autolytic changes involving proteolytic enzymes on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) preserved by hyperbaric storage

he effect of hyperbaric storage (HS, 50–75 MPa at 10–37 °C) on proteolytic enzymes and muscle proteins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was assessed and compared to atmospheric pressure (AP, 0.1 MPa) at the same storage temperature and refrigeration (AP, 5 °C). Generally, activities of acid phosphatase, cathepsin B and D, and calpains decreased when compared to fresh salmon, with a more’ pronounced effect of storage temperature of 37 °C in HS/AP samples. However, activity recovery was observed for some enzymes, as the case of cathepsins B and D, and calpains, whose showed an increase of residual activity for samples stored at 60 MPa/10 °C and 75 MPa/25 °C after 50 and 25 d, respectively. A pronounced increase of myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) was observed at 75 MPa (25/37 °C) after 10 d (3.2-/4.3-fold, respectively). Otherwise, at 60 MPa/10 °C, a decrease of MFI values was observed after 50 d of storage. For sarcoplasmic proteins, no effect was observed at 60 MPa/10 °C during 30 d of storage, with a slight increase after 50 d. At 75 MPa/25 °C, a decrease of sarcoplasmic proteins content (46%) was obtained after 10 d with no further changes during the 25 d of storage.publishe

Qualidade microbiológica e química das águas de consumo humano do Distrito de Bragança

Foi avaliada a qualidade microbiológica e química da água de consumo humano do Distrito de Bragança e relacionada a variação do teor de microrganismos na água com as características químicas dessa água. A qualidade microbiológica das águas de consumo humano do Distrito de Bragança foi avaliada entre 1996 e 2005. A classificação das águas de consumo humano analisadas neste período baseou-se no Decreto-Lei n.º 74/1990, de 7 de Março, que foi revogado pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 236/1998 de 1 de Agosto, não se tendo verificado alterações nos parâmetros estudados. A partir de 2004, a classificação das águas seguiu o Decreto-Lei n.º 243/2001, de 5 de Setembro. Das análises microbiológicas realizadas (21630 análises), 8225 (38,03%) foram classificadas como impróprias, 7169 (33,14%) como potáveis, 2056 (9,51%) como superior ao valor máximo recomendável, 2770 (12,81%) como conformes e 1410 (6,52%) como não conformes. De todas as análises microbiológicas realizadas, 10490 (48,5%) foram a águas tratadas e 11140 (51,5%) a águas não tratadas. Do total das tratadas, 7782 (74,2%) foram classificadas como conformes e 2708 (25,8%) como não conformes. Das águas não tratadas, 4213 (37,8%) foram classificadas como conformes e 6927 (62,2%) como não conformes. Apenas em três dos doze concelhos estudados, Mogadouro, Macedo de Cavaleiros e Alfândega da Fé, foi verificado uma percentagem de águas em não conformidade acima dos 50%. O Concelho de Mogadouro foi o que apresentou as águas de consumo humano com pior qualidade microbiológica (62,3% do total das águas analisadas foram consideradas impróprias para consumo). O Concelho de Freixo de Espada à Cinta foi o que apresentou o maior número de águas em conformidade (73,5% das águas foram consideradas conformes). A qualidade química das águas de consumo foi avaliada entre 2003 e 2005. Do total de amostras analisadas (2692), 2549 (cerca de 95%) foram classificadas de acordo com o Decreto-Lei n.º 243/2001 e apenas 143 segundo o Decreto-Lei n.º 236/1998. Dezanove (0,7%) águas foram classificadas como impróprias, 1841 (68,4%) como potáveis, 518 (19,2%) como água agressiva para as canalizações e 314 (11,7%) como valor superior ao Valor Paramétrico. Do total das análises, 1832 (68,1%) foram efectuadas a águas tratadas e 860 (31,9%) a águas não tratadas. Os contaminantes indesejáveis também só foram detectados entre 2003 e 2005. Neste período foram realizadas 278 análises. A concentração de cádmio, chumbo, cianetos e trialometanos nunca ultrapassaram o Valor Paramétrico. O alumínio e o arsénio ultrapassaram o Valor Paramétrico em 58 % e 23 % das amostras analisadas, respectivamente. Das variáveis químicas estudadas o pH, os nitratos e o flúor foram as que mais se correlacionaram (p < 0,05) com os parâmetros microbiológicos. Não foi possível, no entanto, avaliar que percentagem de variação dos parâmetros microbiológicos é que foi explicada por estas variáveis químicas, através da regressão linear tipo stepwise. Embora a qualidade microbiológica das águas de consumo do Distrito de Bragança tenha melhorado ao longo do período de estudo, particularmente nos últimos dois anos, cerca de 45% das águas analisadas não apresentavam boa qualidade microbiológica. Verificou-se que o tratamento destas águas não foi totalmente eficaz, pois a percentagem de águas de consumo impróprias após tratamento foi muito elevada (25%). Qualquer água tratada deveria obrigatoriamente ser potável, pois caso contrário, o tratamento não obedeceu aos métodos e processos técnicos adequados

Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy application for sea salt quality evaluation

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode was explored with the objective of discriminating sea salts according to their quality type (traditional salt vs "flower of salt") and geographical origin (Atlantic vs Mediterranean). Sea salts were also analyzed in terms of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, alkalinity, and sulfate concentrations to support spectroscopic results. High concentrations of Mg2+ and K+ characterized Atlantic samples, while a high Ca2+ content was observed in traditional sea salts. A partial least-squares discriminant analysis model considering the 8500-7500 cm(-1) region permitted the discrimination of salts by quality types. The regions 4650-4350 and 5900-5500 cm(-1) allowed salts classification according to their geographical origin. It was possible to classify correctly 85.3 and 94.8% of the analyzed samples according to the salt type and to the geographical origin, respectively. These results demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy is a suitable and very efficient tool for sea salt quality evaluation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Enhancement of Bioactivity of Natural Extracts by Non-Thermal High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction

Natural extracts, likethose obtained from medicinal herbs, dietary plantsand fruitsare being recognized as important sources of bioactive compounds with several functionalities including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Plant extracts rich in phenolic antioxidants are currently being successfully used for several pharmaceutical applications and in the development of new foods(i.e.,functional foods),in order to enhance the bioactivity of the products and to replace synthetic antioxidants.The extraction method applied in the recovery of the bioactive compounds from natural materials is a key factor to enhance the bioactivity of the extracts. However, most of the extraction techniques have to employ heat, which can easily lead to heat sensitive compounds losing their biological activity, due to changes caused by temperature. Presently, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)is being increasingly explored as a cold extraction method of bioactive compounds from natural sources.This non-thermal high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) technique allows one to reduce the extraction time and increase the extraction of natural beneficial ingredients, in terms of nutritional value and biological activities and thus enhance the bioactivity of the extracts.This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview on the extraction efficiency of HHPE for the production of natural extracts with enhanced bioactivity,based on the extraction yield,total content and individual composition of bioactive compounds, extraction selectivity, and biological activities of the different plant extracts, so far studied by extraction with this technique.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) of Portugal for the PhD grants attributed to H. Scepankova (SFRH/BD/88133/2012) and M. Martins (SFRH/BD/ 122220/2016) and to FCT/MEC for the financial support to the QOPNA research Unit (FCT UID/QUI/00062/2013), through national funds and where applicable co-financed by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Headspace solid phase microextraction (spme) analysis of flavor compounds in wines. Effect of the matrix volatile composition in the relative response factors in a wine model

The application of headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) for flavor analysis has been studied. Headspace SPME sampling was tested for nine common wine flavor compounds in 10% (v/v) aqueous ethanol: linalool, nerol, geraniol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl decanoate. The chemical groups (monoterpenoids, aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, and esters) showed specific behavior in SPME analysis. SPME sampling parameters were optimized for these components. Relative response factors (RRFs), which establish the relationship between the concentration of the compound in the matrix liquid solution and the GC peak area, were estimated for all compounds. Log10(RRF) varied from 0 (3-methyl-1-butanol) to 3 (ethyl decanoate), according to their molecular weight. Quantification by SPME was shown to be highly dependent on the matrix composition; the compounds with higher RRF were the less affected. As a consequence, the data obtained with this methodology should be used taking into consideration these limitations, as shown in the analysis of four monovarietal Bairrada white wines (Arinto, Bical, Cerceal, and Maria Gomes)

Estado de arte : campo del educador especial en la educación para la sexualidad de personas con discapacidad intelectual en el periodo del 2015 – 2016

La presente investigación se abordará el campo del educador especial referente a la educación para la sexualidad en personas con discapacidad intelectual que convoca la investigación titulada “Estado de arte: campo del educador especial en la educación para la sexualidad de personas con discapacidad intelectual en el periodo del 2015 – 2016”. Las educadoras especiales en formación, tuvieron vacíos en cuanto a la información de educación para la sexualidad de personas con discapacidad intelectual en las diferentes practicas pedagógicas, reflejando confusión a la hora de abordar el tema con la familia y las personas con discapacidad intelectual, porque no se tuvieron las estrategias y herramientas necesarias para orientar y formar la educación para la sexualidad, por ello no se lograron resolver durante los periodos académicos (nueve (9) semestres), de cómo un educador especial aborda, orienta y forma la educación para la sexualidad en las personas con discapacidad intelectual, por esta razón, se decide indagar diversos documentos los cuales presentan datos e información donde se recolectaron tres (3) trabajos de grado sobre el tema de educación para la sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, realizados por estudiantes de licenciatura en educación especial o énfasis en educación especial en formación, de dos (2) universidades del sector local

A microbiological perspective of raw milk preserved at room temperature using hyperbaric storage compared to refrigerated storage

The effects of hyperbaric storage (HS, 50–100 MPa) at room temperature (RT) on endogenous and inoculated pathogenic surrogate vegetative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua), pathogenic Salmonella enterica and bacterial spores (Bacillus subtilis) were assessed and compared with conventional refrigeration at atmospheric pressure for 60 days. Milk stored at atmospheric pressure and refrigeration quickly surpassed the acceptable microbiological limit within 7 days of storage, regarding endogenous microbiota, yet 50 MPa/RT slowed down microbial growth, resulting in raw milk spoilage after 28 days, while a significant microbial inactivation occurred under 75–100 MPa (around 4 log units), to counts below 1 log CFU/mL throughout storage, similar to what was observed for B. subtilis endospores. While inoculated microorganisms had a gradually counts reduction in all HS conditions. Results indicate that HS can not only result in the extension of milk shelf-life but is also able to enhance its safety and subsequent quality. Industrial relevance: This new preservation methodology could be implemented in the dairy farm storage tanks, or during milk transportation for further processing, allowing a better microbial control, than refrigeration. This methodology is very promising, and can improve food products shelf-life with a considerable lower carbon foot-print than refrigeration.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hyperbaric storage of raw milk at room temperature

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio