Variabilidade espacial dos atributos de acidez do solo e necessidade de calagem para café conilon

The soils of Espírito Santo State are low natural fertility level, which frequently limit crop yields due to deficiencies of some soil elements, however, it presents high production potential. The purpose of this work was to describe the spatial variability of attributes related to soil acidity (pH, potential acidity, aluminum, calcium, magnesium), organic matter and liming requirement in a conilon coffee plantation (Coffea canephora Pierre) in a typical dystrophic Yellow Latosol (LAd). The study was carried out in a farm area, in the Northern part of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental area was 20 x 61.6 m (1.232 m2) in a regular grid where 60 samples were equally spaced in grids of 5.6 x 5 m, at a soil depth of 0-20 cm. All property semivariograms disclosure were satisfactorily described by spherical model with a moderate and strong spatial structure with ranges of spatial structure varying from 8.0 m to 33.58 m.Estudos que visem elucidar a variação espacial de atributos de solo podem contribuir para a aplicação racional de insumos, possibilitando ganhos econômicos e ambientais. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, descrever a variabilidade espacial dos atributos relacionado à acidez do solo (pH em água, acidez potencial, alumínio, cálcio e magnésio), matéria orgânica do solo e necessidade de calagem em uma lavoura de café conilon (Coffea conephora Pierre), localizada no Norte do estado do Espírito Santo. O experimento foi conduzido em uma lavoura de café conilon, plantada no espaçamento 1,8 x 1,0 m (5.555 plantas ha-1), em um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico típico (LAd). As análises de solo foram realizadas no Laboratório Agronômico de Análise de Solo, Folha e Água no Centro Universitário do Norte do Espírito Santo da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. O presente estudo foi instalado em uma malha retangular de 20 x 61,6 m (1.232 m2). Em cada ponto amostral foram coletadas amostras de solo, na profundidade de 0,0 – 0,2 m, totalizando 60 pontos amostrais, distanciados de 5,6 m entre linhas e 5,0 m na linha de plantio, as fileiras da lavoura estão dispostas no sentido Norte-Sul

Spatial distribution of physical attributes of an Ultisol under papaya crop

The successful development of the root system of plants depends on the favorable conditions of soil physical attributes. The objective of this work was to study the spatial variability of physical attributes in an Ultisol cultivated with papaya. The soil was prepared mechanically plowing, harrowing, sulcal and subsoiler. In the center of the crop field was built a sampling grid with points spaced 5.7 m, totalizando129 georeferenced points. The soil samples at two depths (0 - 0.20 m, 0.20 - 0.40 m) were collected for four months after transplantation, to determine the total porosity (TP), soil moisture (Um), soil bulk density (BD) and soil penetration resistance in the planting row (PRPR) and in the traffic machines rows (PRRow). The soil penetration resistance in the planting row and in the traffic machines row was determined. The BD1 and BD2 showed the lowest CV values, and the data were fitted to the exponential and spherical models, respectively, with spatial dependence ranges of 20 and 28 m. At the layer of 0-0.20 m depth, the attributes showed the same spatial distribution pattern. At the layer of 0-0.20 m depth, the soil penetration resistance showed 7.5 times greater in the traffic machines region (rw spacing) than the value found in the planting row.The successful development of the root system of plants depends on the favorable conditions of soil physical attributes. The objective of this work was to study the spatial variability of physical attributes in an Ultisol cultivated with papaya. The soil was prepared mechanically plowing, harrowing, sulcal and subsoiler. In the center of the crop field was built a sampling grid with points spaced 5.7 m, totalizando129 georeferenced points. The soil samples at two depths (0 - 0.20 m, 0.20 - 0.40 m) were collected for four months after transplantation, to determine the total porosity (TP), soil moisture (Um), soil bulk density (BD) and soil penetration resistance in the planting row (PRPR) and in the traffic machines rows (PRRow). The soil penetration resistance in the planting row and in the traffic machines row was determined. The BD1 and BD2 showed the lowest CV values, and the data were fitted to the exponential and spherical models, respectively, with spatial dependence ranges of 20 and 28 m. At the layer of 0-0.20 m depth, the attributes showed the same spatial distribution pattern. At the layer of 0-0.20 m depth, the soil penetration resistance showed 7.5 times greater in the traffic machines region (rw spacing) than the value found in the planting row

Distribuição do sistema radicular de cafeeiro conilon irrigado e não irrigado

The objective of this work was to evaluate the distribution of the root system of irrigated and nonirrigated conilon coffee (Coffea canephora). Conilon plants of the clonal variety Emcapa 8111, genotype 02, with five years of age, were used. The design was completely randomized in split‑split plots with five replicates. The treatments consisted of: presence and absence of irrigation (plots), 13 distances from the stem (ten in the direction between rows and three of the planting row) and six soil layers (0–60 cm) in the split‑plots. Roots were collected, washed, scanned, and processed by the Safira software to quantify surface area, length, volume, and diameter. Nonirrigated conilon plants showed greater root surface area, length, and volume per soil volume, as well as less discrepant distribution of roots in the soil surface and in depth, in comparison to irrigated plants. The drip irrigation system promotes higher root distribution in irrigated plants, in the area covered by the wet‑bulb irrigation.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição do sistema radicular do cafeeiro conilon (Coffea canephora) irrigado e não irrigado. Utilizaram-se plantas de conilon da variedade clonal Emcapa 8111, genótipo 02, com cinco anos de idade. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcela subsubdividida, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de: presença e ausência de irrigação (parcelas), 13 distâncias do tronco (dez no sentido da entrelinha e três no sentido da linha de plantio) e seis camadas de solo (0–60 cm) nas subparcelas. As raízes foram coletadas, lavadas, digitalizadas e processadas pelo programa Safira, para quantificar área superficial, comprimento, volume e diâmetro. As plantas de conilon não irrigadas apresentaram maiores área superficial, comprimento e volume de raízes por volume de solo, bem como distribuição de raízes menos discrepante na superfície do solo e em profundidade, em comparação às plantas irrigadas. O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento promove maior distribuição de raízes nas plantas irrigadas, na zona compreendida pelo bulbo úmido da irrigação

Planejamento amostral de propriedades químicas do solo em lavoura de café conilon

Information about the spatial distribution of the soil chemical properties are of fundamental importance to the coffee plantation, as they allow making good decisions, being determinant for the crop factor. The aim of the present work was to study the spatial variability of soil chemical properties in a Conilon coffee field and to propose a methodology of soil sampling that best fits the conditions of the management system. The experiment was conducted in a crop Conilon coffee field in São Mateus, state of Espirito Santo, planted in a spacing 1.8 x 1.0 m (5,555 plants ha-1). Installed a rectangular grid of 20 x 61.6 m (1,232 m2), with 60 lines spaced with 5.6 m and 5.0 m in the row points. At each sampling point, soil samples were collected at 0.0-0.20 m deep. Statistical analysis established the adequate number of samples to analyze the studied attributes ranging from 1 to 18 points. The greatest variation was observed for Ca (CV 41.7%) and the lowest for pH (CV 6.1%). All attributes in the study showed spatial dependence structure, with strong and moderate degree. The majority of attributes evaluated were satisfactorily described by spherical model. For future sampling in similar conditions to the present study, it is suggested to collect 18 subsamples using square mesh enough to cover the entire area of interest, with sampling interval at least equal to the range of spatial dependence of the attributes studied.Informações a respeito da distribuição espacial dos atributos químicos do solo são de fundamental importância para a cultura do cafeeiro, pois possibilitam a tomada de decisões acertadas, podendo ser fator determinante para a produtividade da cultura. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, estudar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo em lavoura de café conilon e propor uma metodologia de amostragem de solo que melhor se ajuste às condições do sistema de manejo. Conduziu-se o experimento em uma lavoura de café conilon no município de São Mateus - ES, plantada no espaçamento 1,8 x 1,0 m (5.555 plantas ha-1). Instalou-se uma malha retangular de 61,6 x 20 m (1.232 m2), com 60 pontos distanciados de 5,6 m entrelinhas e 5,0 m na linha de plantio. Em cada ponto amostral foram coletadas amostras de solo, na profundidade de 0,0-0,20 m. Utilizando parâmetros estatísticos, estabeleceu-se o número adequado de amostras para análise dos atributos estudados que variaram de 1 a 18 pontos. A maior variação foi observada para Ca (CV 41,7%) e o menor para pH (CV 6,1%). Todos os atributos em estudo apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial, com grau de dependência forte e moderada. A maioria dos atributos avaliados foi satisfatoriamente descrita pelo modelo esférico. Para futuras amostragens em condições semelhantes ao presente estudo, sugere-se coletar 18 subamostras, utilizando malha quadrada suficiente para cobrir toda a área de interesse, com intervalo de amostragem, no mínimo, igual ao alcance de dependência espacial dos atributos em estudo

Dinâmica de macronutrientes em folhas e cachos de pimenta-do-reino

The objective of this work was to determine the macronutrient dynamics in leaves and bunches of black pepper (Piper nigrum) throughout the plant reproductive cycles. The experiment was carried out in a commercial field of 'Bragantina' black pepper. Leaves and bunches were sampled every 21 days for one year, during two crop cycles. The bunches were sampled from the twenty eighth day after the appearance of inflorescences until the complete fruit maturation. Samples of leaves and bunches were dried, and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were determined. N, K, and Ca were the most common macronutrients found in the bunches and leaves of black pepper. The accumulation of dry matter in the bunches was similar for both cycles and it was adjusted to the linear and quadratic models. The accumulation and content of macronutrients followed the dry matter behavior trend. Macronutrient contents in leaves oscillate during the year, and K and Mg vary more than N, P, Ca, and S. The macronutrient contents in black pepper leaves and bunches depends on the plant vegetative stage, and this variation should be considered in the planning of the fertilization management.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a dinâmica de macronutrientes em folhas e cachos de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum), ao longo dos ciclos reprodutivos da planta. O experimento foi realizado em uma lavoura comercial de pimenta-do-reino 'Bragantina'. Folhas e cachos foram amostrados a cada 21 dias, por um ano, durante dois ciclos de cultivo. Os cachos foram amostrados desde o vigésimo oitavo dia após o lançamento das inflorescências até a maturação completa dos frutos. As amostras de folhas e cachos foram secas, e os conteúdos de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S foram determinados. N, K e Ca foram os macronutrientes mais comuns nos cachos e nas folhas de pimenta-do-reino. O acúmulo de matéria seca nos cachos de pimenta-do-reino foi similar nos dois ciclos e foi ajustado aos modelos linear e quadrático. O acúmulo e o conteúdo de macronutrientes seguiram a tendência de comportamento da matéria seca. O conteúdo de macronutrientes nas folhas oscila durante o ano, e K e Mg variam mais do que N, P, Ca e S. O conteúdo de macronutrientes em folhas e cachos de pimenta-do-reino depende do estádio vegetativo da planta, e essa variação deve ser considerada no planejamento do manejo de adubação

Variability of Root System Size and Distribution among Coffea canephora Genotypes

This work aimed to evaluate the variability in the distribution of the root system among genotypes of C. canephora cv. Conilon and indicate management strategies for a more efficient mineral fertilization. Root distribution was evaluated in six genotypes. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications. Soil monoliths measuring about 27 cm3 were collected at six different soil depths, at three row distances and nine distances of inter-row planting. The collections were carried out in one plant of each repetition. In total, 1296 samples were evaluated. The roots were washed, digitized and processed to quantify length density, volume, surface area and diameter. The distribution of the root system was characterized using semivariograms. It was observed that the highest concentration of roots occurred in the distances close to the irrigation drippers. There was variation in the distribution of the root system among the genotypes. However, in general, the root system is concentrated at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in the soil, at distances up to 50 cm in the planting row and up to 60 cm in inter-rows. Therefore, the greatest efficiency in nutritional management can be achieved by applying fertilizers within a radius of 50 cm around the plantinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

CO2 flux emissions from Atlantic Rainforest soil: determining the most suitable sampling time

Few studies have established protocols for measuring CO2 emissions in the soil. In order to determine the time of day which best represents the average daily CO2 emissions, the present study evaluated the variations in CO2 emissions throughout the day and the relationship between these emissions and the soil moisture and temperature, in an attempt to standardize data collection in tropical soils. The study was carried out in an Atlantic forest fragment of the coastal tablelands, Brazil. A close relationship between CO2 emission and soil temperature was observed, with CO2 emissions decreasing as daytime temperatures increased. The soil moisture had no direct relation with the CO2 emission, but was only related to the soil temperature. Two groups of CO2 emissions were observed, forming between the sampling time from 09:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., and from 11:00 p.m. to 08:00 a.m. Due to the small difference found between the mean group formed between 09:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m., which was ~ 8% when compared to the general average, and also the fact that CO2 is easier to collect during this time, it is suggested that this period is the most suitable time to collect CO2 in the field

Delineamento de zonas de manejo para macronutrientes em lavoura de café conilon consorciada com seringueira

Studies on the determination of management zones and the spatial variation of attributes associated with yield response of crops soil can contribute to the rational application of inputs, enabling economic and environmental gains. The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of soil macronutrients Ca, Mg, K and P and defining management zone for application of inputs in a conilon crop intercropped with rubber, using the technique of cluster analysis. The study was conducted in the Nova Venecia, municipality of Espírito Santo, state Brazil. The experimental area has dimensions of 24 x 63m (1.512m2) and embossed with convex shape, where we marked a grid of 60 sampling points. At each sample point were collected four replicates of soil in the projection of the coffee canopy, forming a sample at a depth of 0-0,20 m. Also collected one comprises the traditional method of sampling pathway zigzag sample was composed of 15 subsample. The results obtained were subjected to multivariate exploratory analysis: hierarchical clustering, according to the Ward’s method, in order to set the number of groups or management zones. The data were subjected to geostatistical analysis. In the dendrogram obtained with the technique of cluster analysis, three separate groups or management zones. The integrated cluster analysis with the characterization of the spatial variability of soil attributes was effective in defining areas of study in the plantation managements.Estudos que visem delinear zonas de manejo e a variação espacial de atributos de solo podem contribuir para a aplicação racional de insumos, possibilitando ganhos econômicos e ambientais. Objetivou-se, no presente estudo, determinar a distribuição espacial dos macronutrientes do solo, Ca, Mg, K e P, bem como a definição de zonas de manejo para aplicação de insumos em uma lavoura de café conilon consorciada com seringueira, utilizando-se a técnica de agrupamento por método hierárquico associada à geoestatística. O estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Venécia, ES. A área experimental possuidimensões de 24 x 63m (1.512m2) e relevo com forma convexa, onde demarcou-se uma malha de 60 pontos amostrais. Em cada ponto amostral foram coletadas quatro subamostras de solo na projeção da copa do cafeeiro, compondo uma amostra, na profundidade de 0-0,20 m. Coletou-se também uma amostra composta pelo método de amostragem tradicional, caminhamento em zigue-zague, formada por 15 subamostras. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise exploratória multivariada: agrupamento hierárquico, segundo o método Ward, com o intuito de definir os números de grupos ou de zonas de manejo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise geoestatística. No dendrograma obtido com a aplicação da técnica de análise de agrupamento, separam-se três grupos ou zonas de manejo. A análise de agrupamento integrada com a caracterização da variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo foi eficaz na definição de zonas de manejo na lavoura em estudo

Spatiotemporal analysis of fusariosis in black pepper crops

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o tempo temporal e espacial da murcha do Fusarium em plantas de pimenta-do-reino. Como plantas foram avaliadas a cada dois meses durante um ano em nove áreas plantadas com pimenta do reino localizado na região norte do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Em cada área com 500 plantas em um campo de pimenta preta, faça uma localização de cada planta e avalie a incidência de fusões. A partir dessas práticas, foi usado um mapa acumulado de plantas afetadas na área selecionada. O progresso temporal das fusões foi estudado por meio da contagem acumulada de doenças de plantas em função do tempo e ajuste desses dados nos modelos de crescimento biológico.O progresso espacial da doença foi analisado pelo Índice de Dispersão e pelo ajuste da Lei de Taylor. Analisando o padrão de distribuição espacial da doença no campo, verificou-se um padrão predominantemente agregado. O maior período de evolução da doença em todas as áreas plantadas foi observado a partir de novembro, coincidindo com a época da colheita, a época da alta influência antrópica