Nonlinear Genetics Inbreeding and Genetic Load

Comparison of concepts of occurrence and accumulation of the genetic load in result of inbreeding for a family tree and a population is given. It is shown that for the population the analysis of the genetic load concerns to area of nonlinear genetics. The nonlinear differential equation of the second order being the special case of the Hardy-Weinberg law at presence inbreeding for the population is found. The numerical decision of this equation allowed to find the law of increase of recessive allele frequency in the population is given. Some aspects of the traditional theory of the genetic load are considered

Supercritical Fluids for Higher Extraction Yields of Lipids from Archeological Ceramics

The extraction and study of organic residues from ceramics has been a subject of interest for the last 50 years in archeology and archeological science. Lipids are among the best-preserved organic substances in archeological contexts and can provide information about the diets of ancient populations as well as past environments. Here, we present a method which demonstrates significantly improved extraction of lipids from archeological pots by replacing liquid organic solvents with supercritical fluids. Optimization of the procedure using response surface methodology (RSM) approach showed that, on our system, optimal conditions for supercritical extraction of lipids from synthetic fired clay ceramics could be achieved using carbon dioxide with 16 vol % of cosolvent EtOH–H2O (95:5 v/v) in 90 min at a flow rate of 2.3 mL/min, for a pressure of 30 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. For all reference and archeological samples included in this study, lipid yields obtained by supercritical fluid extraction under these optimal conditions were systematically higher than by conventional solvent extraction. This study also highlighted a variability of the ratio of unsaturated versus saturated fatty acids depending on the extraction method. This can have important implications in the identification of the residue(s). The increased extraction efficiency provided by supercritical fluids, as well as their minimally destructive nature, enable new and refined approaches to residue analysis and dating of archeological ceramics

Stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and anemia treated with darbepoetin alfa: The trial to reduce cardiovascular events with aranesp therapy (TREAT) experience

More strokes were observed in the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) among patients assigned to darbepoetin alfa. We sought to identify baseline characteristics and postrandomization factors that might explain this association

Сравнительное исследование возможностей остеосцинтиграфии и магнитно-резонансной томографии всего тела в диагностике костных метастазов

Purpose. Compare the characteristics of MRI techniques and whole-body bone scintigraphy in the detection of bone metastases in primary malignant tumors of the most frequent sites. Materials and methods. 29 patients with malignant tumors of different localization and suspected secondary bone lesions were examined at “RNTSRR”. All patients underwent bone scan to gamma camera Nucline DHW using mono-and diphosphates of Tc-99m activity of 370-600 MBq, as well as MRI “whole body” for magnetic resonance imaging “Atlas” 1.5 T, and “Signa” 1.5 T The diagnosis of secondary bone lesions was further confirmed by the data MSCT or supervision for 6 months. Results. Metastatic bone lesions were present in 21 (72.4%) patients, benign nature were identified at 8 patients (27.6%) patients. According to the results of the use of MRI techniques “whole body” was placed 1 false-negative and false-positive diagnosis 2, the sensitivity of techniques was 95.2% (20/21), specificity of 75% (6.8). According to bone scan were mentioned 3 false-negative results, and 3 falsepositive, the sensitivity was 85.7% technique (18/21), specificity - 62.5% (8.5). The accuracy of the technique of the whole body MRI was 89.6% (26/29), bone scintigraphy - 79.3% (23/29). Conclusions. MRI “whole body” is a more objective procedure than bone scan, due to a more accurate visualization of anatomical zones. Using MRI “whole body” for suspected secondary bone disease can reduce the need for additional diagnostic studies. MRI “whole body” is no-radiation procedure, but it is technically difficult and may not be performed at all equipment, which leads to increased cost of study.Цель исследования: сравнить характеристики методов остеосцинтиграфии и МРТ всего тела в выявлении костных метастазов при первичных злокачественных новообразованиях наиболее частых локализаций. Материал и методы. Обследовано 29 больных со злокачественными новообразованиями различных локализаций и подозрением на вторичное поражение костей. Всем пациентам была выполнена остеосцинтиграфия на гамма-камере Nucline DHW с использованием моно- и дифосфатов Тс-99m активностью 370-600 МБк, а также МРТ всего тела на магнитно-резонансных томографах “Атлас” 1,5 Т и “Сигна” 1,5 Т. Диагноз вторичного поражения костей в дальнейшем был подтвержден данными МСКТ или наблюдением в течение 6 мес. Результаты. Метастатическое поражение костей имелось у 21 (72,4%) пациента, образования доброкачественной природы были выявлены у 8 (27,6%) пациентов. По результатам применения методики МРТ всего тела были поставлены 1 ложноотрицательный и 2 ложноположительных диагноза, чувствительность методики составила 95,2% (20/21), специфичность - 75% (6/8). По данным остеосцинтиграфии было отмечено 3 ложноотрицательных и 3 ложноположительных результата, чувствительность методики составила 85,7% (18/21), специфичность - 62,5% (5/8). При этом точность методики МРТ всего тела была 89,6% (26/29), остеосцинтиграфии -79,3% (23/29). Выводы. МРТ всего тела является более объективной методикой, чем остеосцинтиграфия, за счет точной визуализации анатомических зон. Выполнение МРТ всего тела при подозрении на вторичное поражение костей может снизить потребность в дополнительных диагностических исследованиях. МРТ всего тела является бездозовой методикой, однако она сложнее технически и может быть выполнена не на всех томографах, что ведет к увеличению стоимости исследования

NAJZNAČAJNIJE OSNOVE PATOGENEZE COVID-19

At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People's Republic of China with an epicentre in the city of Wuhan. On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization assigned the official name of the infection caused by the new coronavirus – COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected people from all over the world given that the infection was noted in 200 countries resulting in annunciation of the pandemic situation. Human corona viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory infections. At the end of 2002, a new coronavirus appeared (SARS-CoV), the causal agent of atypical pneumonia, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The initial stage of COVID-19 infection is the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells that have angiotensin converting enzyme type II receptors. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and interacts primarily with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The events in SARS-Cov-2 induced infection follow the next scenario: epithelial cells via TLRs recognize and identify SARS-Cov-2, and after that the information is transmitted to the transcriptional NF-κB, which causes expression of the corresponding genes. Activated in this way, the epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The results obtained on preclinical material indicate that ROS generation increases and the antioxidant protection decreases, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, as well as in the progression and severity of this respiratory diseasePublishe

The Burden of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Adolescents and Young Adults in 24 Western European Countries, 1990–2019:Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Objectives: As little is known about the burden of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in adolescents in Western Europe (WE), we aimed to explore their epidemiology among 10–24 year-olds. Methods: Estimates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019. We reported counts, rates per 100,000 population, and percentage changes from 1990 to 2019 for prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of T1DM and T2DM, and the burden of T2DM in YLDs attributable to high body mass index (HBMI), for 24 WE countries. Results: In 2019, prevalence and disability estimates were higher for T1DM than T2DM among 10–24 years old adolescents in WE. However, T2DM showed a greater increase in prevalence and disability than T1DM in the 30 years observation period in all WE countries. Prevalence increased with age, while only minor differences were observed between sexes. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the substantial burden posed by DM in WE among adolescents. Health system responses are needed for transition services, data collection systems, education, and obesity prevention.</p

The Burden of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Adolescents and Young Adults in 24 Western European Countries, 1990–2019:Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Objectives: As little is known about the burden of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in adolescents in Western Europe (WE), we aimed to explore their epidemiology among 10–24 year-olds. Methods: Estimates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019. We reported counts, rates per 100,000 population, and percentage changes from 1990 to 2019 for prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of T1DM and T2DM, and the burden of T2DM in YLDs attributable to high body mass index (HBMI), for 24 WE countries. Results: In 2019, prevalence and disability estimates were higher for T1DM than T2DM among 10–24 years old adolescents in WE. However, T2DM showed a greater increase in prevalence and disability than T1DM in the 30 years observation period in all WE countries. Prevalence increased with age, while only minor differences were observed between sexes. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the substantial burden posed by DM in WE among adolescents. Health system responses are needed for transition services, data collection systems, education, and obesity prevention.</p

A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA‐HF)

Background: Sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of incident heart failure hospitalization in individuals with type 2 diabetes who have, or are at high risk of, cardiovascular disease. Most patients in these trials did not have heart failure at baseline and the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on outcomes in individuals with established heart failure (with or without diabetes) is unknown. Design and methods: The Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse‐outcomes in Heart Failure trial (DAPA‐HF) is an international, multicentre, parallel group, randomized, double‐blind, study in patients with chronic heart failure, evaluating the effect of dapagliflozin 10 mg, compared with placebo, given once daily, in addition to standard care, on the primary composite outcome of a worsening heart failure event (hospitalization or equivalent event, i.e. an urgent heart failure visit) or cardiovascular death. Patients with and without diabetes are eligible and must have a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, a moderately elevated N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide level, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. The trial is event‐driven, with a target of 844 primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes include the composite of total heart failure hospitalizations (including repeat episodes), and cardiovascular death and patient‐reported outcomes. A total of 4744 patients have been randomized. Conclusions: DAPA‐HF will determine the efficacy and safety of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, added to conventional therapy, in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction