Los hongos comestibles silvestres, su contexto alimentario propuesta de desidratado como proceso agroindustrial

TESIS PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN AGROINDUSTRIA RURAL, DESARROLLO TERRITORIAL Y TURISMO AGROALIMENTARIO OTORGADOR POR EL INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y RURALES (ICAR) UAEMEste texto trata sobre una propuesta de agroindustria rural de productos deshidratados de hongos comestibles silvestres (HCS), sustentando su importancia como productos alimentarios diferenciados, y cuyo proceso intermedio de transformación puede contrarrestar la fuga de valor territorial al que actualmente están sujetos, con la intención de contribuir al desarrollo local. A lo largo del documento, se describe parte del contexto alimentario de los HCS, el cual, presenta realidades matizadas que se adscriben a lo singular de cada territorio, con el común denominador de ser visualizados como alimentos únicos, gracias a su carácter natural, trascendencia cultural y tipicidad organoléptica. Esto se realiza con la intención de ampliar las referencias y las reflexiones acerca de los fenómenos de recolección y consumo de los mismos en espacios rurales forestales, información que muchas veces es limitada

Fission Multiplicity Distribution Sampling in MCNP6 Criticality Calculations

In the solution of the neutron transport equation, the k-effective eigenvalue is related to the average number of neutrons emitted in fission of the system. It can be shown that if the average number of neutrons emitted in fission and the average neutron energy spectrum is conserved, the criticality of a system remains the same without regard to the actual physical fission process. However, the fissioning of a nucleus leads to the emission of any number of neutrons with some probability with correlated emission energies that is a function of the incident neutron energy. In general, Monte Carlo codes used for criticality calculations do not use explicit fission multiplicity sampling instead opting for the expected-value outcome approach. As computational methods and resources advance, there is growing interest in high fidelity modeling, including nuclear fission physics modeling. Extensive criticality benchmarks have been established to verify and validate Monte Carlo calculations versus analytic solutions and benchmarked experiments using the expected-value outcome method and no verification-validation work has been done to date on using explicit fission neutron multiplicity models in MCNP6. To determine the effect of sampling fission multiplicity probability distributions during criticality (KCODE) calculations, it was necessary to modify MCNP6 to allow for the use of neutron fission multiplicity models during criticality calculations along with correlation of neutron emission energies. Previously, MCNP6 did not allow for the use of these models during criticality calculations and only allowed their use in fixed-source problems. It was found that explicit fission multiplicity sampling agreed within two standard deviations of expected-value outcome sampling calculated k-effective values. Various benchmark suites used to test MCNP6 k-effective criticality calculations demonstrated good agreement using explicit fission multiplicity sampling and confirmed the validity of using explicit fission multiplicity sampling in Monte Carlo criticality calculations

Preface : Language Contact in Theoretical Syntax

We would like to thank Xavier Villalba, Teresa Cabré and Ángel Gallego and the CatJL team in general for their support, as well as the contributors and the following reviewers: Melvin González Rivera, María del Carmen Parafita Couto, Maria Polinsky, Maša Bešlin, Anna Cardinaletti, Francisco Jesús Moreno Fernández, Péter Jeszenszky, Anna Pineda, Cristina Real Puigdollers, Miguel Rodríguez Mondoñedo, Katerina Thomopoulou.Preface of the Catalan Journal of Linguistics 22: Language Contact in Theoretical Syntax.Prefaci del Catalan Journal of Linguistics 22: Language Contact in Theoretical Syntax

Género y gobiernos municipales. El caso de Villa Guerrero, Estado de México (2003-2006)

Este documento analiza algunas causas que obstaculizan la representación femenina en la toma de decisiones de los gobiernos municipales mexicanos. Para ello, utiliza el enfoque de género que permite explicar la inequidad social y política entre mujeres y hombres así como sus consecuencias. En un segundo momento, presenta un estudio de caso que refiere los obstáculos socioculturales que enfrentó una alcaldesa para lograr el triunfo en un contexto con hegemonía política masculina

Commissioning and equipment assessment of a semi-industrial bioreactor

Tasks regarding the commission and equipment assessment on the fermenter situated in PILOT PLANT Research Center were carried out. The bioreactor consists in a pilotscale fermenter with a capacity of 150L. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams were elaborated, in which a posterior Sterilization Standard Operating Procedure was designed. In such SOP, Steam In Place method was implemented. The sterilization was designed as a batch process, in which the reaction medium is sterilized simultaneously to the fermentation vessel. This way, the use of additional equipment was avoided and the risk of contamination between sterilization and fermentation start was minimized. Optimal saturated vapor temperature was taken as 121ºC. The required holding time for equipment sterilization (spare parts) was determined to be 10 minutes, whereas a holding time of 20 minutes was considered for medium sterilization. Other key factors taken into account for the design of the procedure were condensate removal, air evacuation and post-sterilization integrity, The SOP is still in need of validation. A sealing test revealed the inoperability of the safety device (burst disk). This device was then replaced and tested with success. Gas-liquid mass transfer capacity of the fermenter was assessed, applying the hydrogen peroxide method. A KLa of 25±3.3 h-1was determined when the stirrer run at 450 rpm. However, due to supersaturation effect, this value could be an overestimation of the actual value. Comparison with other typical KLa values for pilot-scale bioreactors led to the conclusion that the aeration capacity of the fermenter is low and might be insufficient for some biochemical processes. A change in the impeller type is proposed in order to address this problem

Tris(2,4-dimethyl­benzene­thiol­ato)phenyl­tin(IV)

In the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)(C8H9S)3], the Sn atom has an approximately tetra­hedral SNCS3 geometry, with angles at this atom ranging from 105.13 (3) to 113.54 (9)°. The crystal packing does not involve any significant inter­molecular inter­actions, although the benzene rings are involved in a number of weak intra- and inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions

Filosofía del Cuerpo, Fenomenología, Dolor y Focusing

In this contribution the aim is to indicate the challenges that physical pain, as described in phenomenology, poses to the practice of focusing. If the results of the phenomenological analyses are right, then focusing has undoubtedly a field in which it can be useful to approach pain; but this field will be restricted to some types of pain, particularly those that admit a «clearing of space» and whose estimated duration make it sensible to ask for a meaning. Nonetheless, even with this restriction in mind, many interesting applications of focusing become manifest, especially as far as the reconstitution of the sense of one’s self and one’s life when living in pain is concerned. With this exposition, it is also the intention to show, with a particular example, the relevance of phenomenological philosophy for the understanding of focusing, as well as what the practice of focusing may contribute to phenomenology.En este trabajo busco determinar los desafíos que para la práctica del focusing supone el dolor físico desde la consideración que sobre el mismo hace el análisis fenomenológico. De ser ciertos los resultados de dicho análisis, el focusing puede tener sin duda un campo de aplicación para abordar el dolor, pero restringido a algunos tipos de dolores, en particular aquellos que permiten despejar un espacio y cuya perspectiva de duración hace que tenga sentido indagar por su significado. Con esta exposición, pretendo también mostrar, con un ejemplo concreto, la relevancia de la filosofía fenomenológica para la comprensión del focusing, e inversamente lo que la práctica del focusing puede aportar a la fenomenología

A Rayleigh Quotient Fixed Point Method for Criticality Eigenvalue Problems in Neutron Transport

The alpha- and k-effective eigenproblems describe the criticality and fundamental neutron flux mode of a nuclear system. Traditionally, the alpha-eigenvalue problem has been solved using methods that focus on supercritical systems with large, positive eigenvalues. These methods, however, struggle for very subcritical problems where the negative eigenvalue can lead to negative absorption, potentially causing the methods to diverge. The k-effective eigenvalue problem has generally been solved using power iteration. For problems with dominance ratios close to one, however, power iteration can be intractably slow. We present the Rayleigh Quotient Fixed Point (RQFP) methods, nonlinear fixed-point methods that are applied to the primitive discretizations of the neutron transport eigenvalue equations. We prove that the discretized eigenvalue equations form a primitive linear system for one-dimensional slab geometry where the unique, positive angular flux eigenvectors are guaranteed to exist from the Perron-Frobenius Theorem for primitive matrices. These methods are capable of solving subcritical and supercritical alpha- and k-effective eigenvalue problems. The derived eigenvalue updates are proven to be optimal in the least squares sense and positive eigenvector updates are guaranteed from the properties of primitive matrices. We consider infinite-medium, one-dimensional slabs and spheres, two-dimensional cylinders, and three-dimensional quarter core benchmark problems and show the ability of the Rayleigh Quotient Fixed Point method to obtain the fundamental eigenvalue and eigenvector of these systems, even when the discretized eigenvalue equations no longer form a primitive system. We also consider the use of Anderson acceleration to accelerate the convergence of the Rayleigh Quotient Fixed Point methods.We demonstrate that for alpha-eigenvalue problems, the Rayleigh Quotient Fixed Point method substantially reduces the number of iterations required for convergence when compared to traditional alpha-eigenvalue methods such as the critical search method. For a wide variety of problems, the RQFP method for alpha-eigenvalue problems reduces the number of iterations required by up to factors of 50 and converges problems that other methods are unable to converge. For $k$-effective problems, the RQFP method provides moderate reductions of iterations required for convergence when compared to power iteration. In particular, the RQFP method does well for infinite-medium problems or problems where the eigenvector is highly localized. We also demonstrate acceleration of the RQFP method by Anderson acceleration. For slowly converging alpha-eigenvalue problems solved using the RQFP method, Anderson acceleration can provide acceleration of the linear fixed-point method convergence by a factor of up to ten.By looking at the linear algebraic structure of the discretized neutron transport eigenvalue problems, the RQFP method guarantees the existence of the positive angular flux eigenvector and its corresponding eigenvalue. By examining a wide variety of problems of interest to nuclear engineers, we show that the RQFP method is robust, easily implementable in neutron transport codes, and an efficient solution method for eigenvalue problems in neutron transport