Avaliaçao ultra-sonográfica das dimensoes prostáticas e suas correlaçoes com a idade e o peso corporal em caes da raça pastor alemao

Orientador: Ivan DecontoDissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias AgráriasResumo: O reconhecimento das dimensões prostáticas normais é de extrema importância em medicina, tanto para seres humanos quanto para animais, principalmente para a detecção de possíveis alterações na arquitetura interna ou doenças. A partir da década de 80, com a introdução do exame ultra-sonográfico na medicina veterinária, foi possível a obtenção de informações mais acuradas sobre o parênquima, contorno e tamanho da próstata. Ainda existem poucos trabalhos publicados a respeito de avaliações ultra-sonográficas das dimensões prostáticas e suas correlações com idade e peso corporal. Este trabalho objetivou apresentar uma breve revisão dos princípios físicos da ultra-sonografia e a aplicação deste exame na avaliação da próstata, correlacionando suas dimensões com peso corporal e idade de cães da raça Pastor Alemão; e através da comparação das medidas da próstata (altura, comprimento e largura) determinar aquelas que, em avaliação isolada, variam de forma mais significativa. Foram utilizados 26 animais, subdivididos em duas classes de idade: 1 (18 a 35 meses) e 2 (36 a 54 meses), e três classes de peso: A (27 a 31kg), B (32 a 36kg) e C (37 a 41kg). Através de avaliação ultra-sonográfica foram obtidos cortes transversal e sagital da próstata de cada animal. Em corte sagital foram avaliados altura e comprimento; e em corte transversal, altura e largura. Peso e volume prostático foram estimados de acordo com equação matemática previamente estabelecida. O exame ultra-sonográfico revelou áreas de diferentes ecogenicidades no parênquima da próstata, correspondendo a diferenças histológicas. As dimensões prostáticas, quando analisadas em conjunto, apresentaram variações significativas quando comparadas com idade e peso corporal dos cães. Na comparação entre as classes de idade e as dimensões prostáticas, constatou-se variação significativa para a média da altura, peso e volume da próstata e uma variação não significativa para a média do comprimento e da largura. Adicionalmente, observou-se um aumento das dimensões prostáticas nos animais da classe de idade 2. Na comparação entre as classes de peso e as dimensões prostáticas constatou-se variação significativa para todas as dimensões avaliadas. A altura da próstata foi mais estatisticamente mais significante que o comprimento e a largura, quando comparada com as classes de idade. Considerando todas as classes, os valores de medida prostática foram de: 3,05 cm na média de altura; 2,84 cm na média de comprimento; 3,65 cm na média de largura; 20,45 g na média de peso; 0,57 g/kg de relação peso da próstata e peso corporal; e 22,92 cm3 na média de volume.Abstract: The recognition of normal prostatic dimensions is very important in Medicine, for humans as for animals, mainly to detect eventual changes in the internal architecture or diseases. Since the 80's, with the introduction of ultrasonographic examination in veterinary medicine, it was possible to obtain precise information about prostatic parenchyma, contours and dimensions. There are only few published reports about ultrasonographic evaluation of prostatic dimensions and their correlations with age and weight. The objectives of this study were: to present a brief review on ultrasonographic physical principles, and their application in prostatic evaluation, correlating prostatic dimensions, body weight and age in German Shepherd dogs; and by comparison of the prostate measures (height, length and width) to determine which ones, by single evaluation, were more significant. 26 animals were utilized in this study, divided into two classes of age: 1 (18 to 35 months) and 2 (36 to 54 months); in three classes of weight: A (27 to 31 kg), B (32 to 36 kg), C (37 to 41 kg). Transversal and sagittal sections were obtained by ultrasonographic evaluations of the prostate of each animal. In the sagittal section, height and length were evaluated, and in the transversal section, height and width were evaluated. Weight and prostatic volume were estimated according to previously derived formulae. The ultrasonographic examination revealed areas with different echogenicities in the prostatic parenchyma, corresponding to histologic differences. The prostatic dimensions, analyzed together, showed significant variations when were compared with age and body weight of the dogs. In comparison between the age classes and the prostatic dimensions, we found out a significant variation in the height average, weight and prostate's volume, and no significant variation in the length average and in the width. Furthermore, it was observed an increase in the prostatic dimension of animals from the age class 2. In the comparison between the weight classes and the prostatic dimension, we found out a significant variation for all evaluated dimensions. The prostatic height was statistically more significant then length and width, when compared with classes of age. Considering all classes of age and body weight, the values of prostatic measures were: 3,05 cm in mean height; 2,84 cm in mean length; 3,65 cm in mean width; 20,45 g in mean weight; 0,57 g/kg relationship of prostate weight and body weight; e 22,92 cm3 in mean volume

Colocephalectomy for the Treatment of Capital Physeal Fracture of the Femoral Head in Pony

Background: Femoral capital physeal fractures occur in young animals and are generally associated with trauma. They have a poor prognosis and surgical therapy is the most indicated. There are few studies describing surgical treatment and postoperative results, so the objective of the present report was to present the first case in Brazil of a colocefalectomy for the treatment of femoral capital physeal fracture in a young pony, the post-surgical and the results obtained with the technique employed.Case: An 18-month-old pony, male, not castrated, , weighing 136 kg was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (HV-UFPR) with a history of trauma for 4 days. On physical examination, the animal presented lameness grade 5 of the right pelvic limb, shortening and lateral deviation of the limb, crackling and painful sensation on abduction, and slight atrophy of the gluteal muscles on the affected side. In the radiographic examination, a femoral capital physeal fracture was found in the oblique ventro-dorsal projection. Once the diagnosis was performed, a colocefalectomy was realized, as the patient is a light and short horse. The patient underwent general anesthesia and was placed in the left lateral position. The access to the coxofemoral joint was made through the lateral face of the right hindlimb. The muscles of the region were incised and deviated, so a partial myotomy was performed in the deep gluteal and vastus lateralis. This procedure allowed to visualize the fracture, where the head of the femur remained congruent to the acetabulum. A hammer and a curved osteotome were used to section the round ligament, allowing the dislocation of the femoral head and with the aid of an oscillating orthopedic saw was performed the femoral neck ostectomy. Previously to the synthesis of the muscular planes and the skin, a passive tubular drain was fixed, in order to avoid the accumulation of exudate and consequent dehiscence of stitches, which was removed on the 6th postoperative day. For postoperative analgesia, epidural morphine was administered for 6 days and intravenous phenylbutazone for 3 days. Antibiotic therapy was performed with Ceftiofur and Metronidazole. The stitches were removed on the 15th postoperative day, after the correct healing of the surgical wound. The patient’s return to activity was gradual and he was pasture sound on the 42nd postoperative day. After medical discharge, contact with the owner was kept until the fifth postoperative month, and he related that the animal remained walking well and maintaining his reproductive function.Discussion: Femoral capital physeal fractures can occur in young animals, and are not common in clinical surgical care. Clinical signs are crackle of the joint on manipulation and presence of swelling in the affected region. The patient in question, in addition to evident lameness, had crackling and painful sensation during the abduction of the limb, but there was no local swelling, but an atrophy of the musculature of the limb, that occurs in cases of chronic femoral injury. Surgical intervention is the indicated method of treatment and should be performed as soon as possible after the injury has occurred, avoiding the worsening of bone and joint degeneration. Femoral head ostectomy is more suitable for animals less than 12 months old and weighing up to 100 kg. The technique has as a postoperative complication the contamination of the surgical wound, however the implantation of the passive tubular drain allowed rapid evolution of healing. Physical rehabilitation in the postoperative period is variable according to the progress of the animal’s locomotion. Therefore, the colocefalectomy technique aims to maintain the patient’s quality of life, even as in the case reported, it allowed the animal to maintain the reproductive function

Inquérito sorológico e molecular de Leptospira spp. em cavalos carroceiros de área endêmica para leptospirose humana em Curitiba, Sul do Brasil

Introdução: Cavalos carroceiros são uma população reemergente empregada para transportar materiais recicláveis em cidades. Métodos: Em área endêmica para leptospirose humana foram amostrados 62 cavalos. Soroaglutinação microscópica e reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real foram empregadas. Resultados: Observou-se soropositividade em 75,8% com sorovar Icterohaemorrhagiae em 80,8% cavalos. Amostras de sangue e urina foram negativas no qPCR. Observou-se correlação positiva entre SAM e pluviosidade (p = 0,02) e alagamentos (p = 0,03). Conclusão: Embora cavalos possam estar constantemente expostos a Leptospira spp. no ambiente, principalmente por chuvas e inundações, leptospiremia e leptospiruria não foram encontradas neste estudo.Introduction: Cart horses are a re-emerging population employed to carry recyclable material in cities. Methods: Sixty-two horses were sampled in an endemic area of human leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed. Results: A seropositivity of 75.8% with serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae in 80.8% of the horses was observed. Blood and urine were qPCR negative. MAT showed positive correlations with rainfall (p = 0.02) and flooding (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Although horses may be constantly exposed to Leptospira spp. in the environment mostly because of rainfall and flooding, no leptospiremia or leptospiruria were observed in this study

Megaesophagus in Mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. It’s a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus.Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area, multiple ulcers were observed that occasionally coalesce, covered by a moderate amount of friable and yellowish-white material.Discussion: Megaesophagus is characterized by organ dilatation and enlargement, absence of peristalsis, presence of tertiary contractions and non-total or partial relaxation of the lower sphincter. Its origin can be congenital or secondary (acquired). In the congenital form, which corresponds to the hypomotility and generalized dilation of the esophagus, the main consequence is the underdevelopment of the foal after weaning. The acquired form occurs due to motor changes in the esophagus or gastroesophageal sphincter, causing passive dilation of the organ. Lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, polyneuritis, degenerative neuropathies, hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, thiamine deficiency, heavy metal poisoning (Lead and Thallium), tumors (mainly thymoma) and cervical injuries are among the main causes of secondary megaesophagus. Animals with esophageal paralysis or some type of esophageal obstruction, usually present nasal and oral reflux of saliva and may develop aspiration pneumonia, accompanied by nutritional deficiencies, weight loss, changes in normal development and the presence of esophageal ulcers. With the exception of pneumonia, the animal in the present report had all these signs. The prognosis of animals affected by megaesophagus is unfavorable. One of the ways to alleviate this disease is surgical treatment, however, complications such as dehiscence are common after esophageal surgery, mainly due to the fact that this organ does not have a serous layer, resulting in delayed healing. For this reason, euthanasia is considered in most cases. Megaesophagus is a non-specific and multifactorial disease that affects horses, and there are no reports in the literature in mules. In this case, endoscopy allowed the diagnosis to be made while still alive, however it was not possible to determine the primary cause of the disease

Chronic Laminitis in a Horse - Treatment with Use of Horseshoe with Horizontal Cross and Epoxy Putty

Background: Laminitis is characterized by an inflammation of the laminar structures of the hoof, which results in lamellar degradation of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx. Despite being a common disease in the equine clinic, it is a medical emergency, which can lead the affected animals not return to sports activities. Due to the severity of laminitis and the poor prognosis, the objective was to report the case of a horse with chronic laminitis with sole perforation in all limbs treated with therapeutic shoeing using a type of horseshoe that has a horizontal crossbar and is filled with mass. Fast-drying epoxy, which has its use little described in the literature Case: A 4-year-old Crioula horse, weighing 325 kg, used in long noose competitions, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of UFPR with chronic laminitis. The animal had reluctance to move, walk on a trestle position, grade V lameness and phalanx rotation of all limbs. The treatment of laminitis was carried out in the field, for two months, which consisted of trimming and shoeing with a horseshoe in the shape of a heart, and due to the failure of the treatment instituted, the patient presented clinical worsening. The treatment in the HV consisted of cleaning the perforated region of the sole with hydrogen peroxide and 10% iodine and dressing with cotton boots with EVA rubber on the sole to provide comfort. Corrective trimming was performed in order to remove excess forceps, lower the heel, and align the distal phalanx with the hoof wall, using a rasp. Orthopedic shoeing was performed with a normal horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar in the central region. The sole was filled with a quick-drying epoxy putty (Poxilina®), with the aim of preventing sole movement, blocking the rotation of the phalanges and improving the concavity of the hoof. Discussion: In chronic laminitis, the signs observed are claudication and deformation of the hoof, flat sole, enlargement of the white line, uneven growth of the hoof wall, hemorrhage in the abaxial white line, cracks in the hoof wall, which are observed parallel to the coronary band, in addition to phalanx rotation; in this clinical case, all these signs were observed. The trimming of horses with laminitis consists of removing the heels and decreasing the dorsal wall of the hoof, in this case, the trimming performed improved the clinical improvement of the animal five days after the procedure. The horseshoe used in the treatment of this animal has the objective of creating a weight-bearing surface on the middle of the sole, close to the tip of the frog, in this way the weight is not on the supporting edge of the clamp and, in this way, it reduces the pressure. over the most affected area. Despite the scarcity of reports on the use of this type of horseshoe, in this case it played a fundamental role in the treatment of laminitis. In this way, it is an alternative that must be taken into account when choosing the treatment, in view of its effectiveness and lower cost when compared to other methods. This case demonstrates the severity of laminitis in all limbs, especially as it presents a perforation of the sole. It is important to highlight that trimming and shoeing performed at the recommended interval (30-45 days) contributes a lot to the success of the treatment and the return of the animal to sports practice. The horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar was effective in the treatment of chronic laminitis of the forelimbs and pelvic limbs in the reported animal, with progressive improvement of the patient who returned to normal daily activities, without the presence of signs of pain or signs of laminitis after treatment. Keywords: chronic laminitis, horse, sole perforation, recovery. Título: Laminite crônica em equino - tratamento com uso de ferradura com travessa horizontal e massa epóxi. Descritores: laminite crônica, cavalo, perfuração sola, recuperação

AVALIAÇÃO CLÍNICA E CITOLÓGICA DE CAVALOS DE TRAÇÃO, ACOMETIDOS POR DOENÇAS RESPIRATÓRIAS DAS VIAS AÉREAS INFERIORES NO PARANÁ

As doenças do trato respiratório posterior dos eqüinos são achados freqüentes na prática diária da clinica e por isso é necessário o desenvolvimento de métodos diagnósticos mais rápidos e eficientes. Neste sentido ressalta-se o lavado broncoalveolar (BAL), técnica de coleta e avaliação celular do conteúdo das vias respiratórias posteriores. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o padrão citológico de BAL de cavalos saudáveis com animais de pequenos proprietários rurais na região de Tijucas do Sul, Paraná e também verificar as enfermidades respiratórias do trato respiratório inferior mais freqüentes nestes cavalos.  Foram realizados exames clínicos e o BAL em trinta cavalos, sendo vinte acometidos de pneumonia, broncopneumonia e doença inflamatória recorrente das vias aéreas e dez animais saudáveis. Nas análises citológicas das amostras foram avaliadas a contagem quantitativa e qualitativa das células, a quantidade de muco na amostras e demais achados, como a presença de colônias bacterianas, ovos de parasitas e material vegetal. No exame clínico, 95% dos animais enfermos apresentaram tosse e 80% secreção nasal. Na contagem de células o grupo enfermo apresentou maior celularidade. A contagem diferencial apresentou aumento significativo de neutrófilos e eosinófilos, com queda na proporção de macrófagos. Houve destaque para a presença de colônias bacterianas em amostras de oito animais enfermos. Foram verificados, ainda, casos de verminose pulmonar, influenza e doença inflamatória da vias aéreas, sendo que em apenas dois casos os diagnósticos clínico e citológico foram inconclusivos. A técnica do BAL comprovou ser simples e rápida, permitindo aprimorar o diagnostico final das enfermidades respiratórias do trato posterior de equinos em condições de campo.

COMPARAÇÃO DE DUAS TÉCNICAS DE ORQUIECTOMIA EM EQÜINOS, EMPREGADAS NO ENSINO DA TÉCNICA CIRÚRGICA VETERINÁRIA.

A orquiectomia bilateral é uma cirurgia simples e rotineira na prática eqüina, embora o potencial para complicações seja alto. A complicação mais comum é a hemorragia, que se não tratada leva ao quadro de choque e morte. Diversas técnicas e variações destas estão descritas na literatura, sendo a mais freqüentemente empregada a técnica aberta. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar duas técnicas de hemostasia aplicadass por alunos do curso de medicina veterinária, sem experiência com orquiectomia em eqüinos. Para tal foram utilizados 16 equinos machos, com idade média de seis anos (±4), que foram separados em dois grupos, aleatoriamente, por sorteio: GRUPO 1, onde os animais foram castrados utilizando-se emasculador, para promover a hemostasia vascular (n=8); GRUPO 2, com animais que foram  castrados utilizando-se abraçadeiras de nylon, de 2,5 mm de largura, para promover a hemostasia (n=8). Foram mensurados os tempos do ato cirúrgico, presença de edema de prepúcio e secreção purulenta, tempo de fechamento da ferida e claudicação no pós operatório, sendo que nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os grupos. A presença de sangramento no período pós operatório imediato apresentou diferença significativa, onde o grupo castrado com o emasculador demonstrou maior grau de hemorragia. As abraçadeiras de nylon podem ser utilizadas na castração de eqüinos, sendo que neste experimento elas não apresentaram complicações associadas a curto e no longo prazo. Ambas as técnicas mostraram-se viáveis e de fácil aplicabilidade na prática docente

Detecção de anticorpos contra o vírus da arterite eqüina (EVAV) e herpes vírus eqüino tipo 1 (EHV-1) em cavalos de carroceiros de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana, Paraná, Brazil

Approximately 1,500 cart horses with low access to veterinary assistance and their owners traffic daily through Curitiba and surroundings to collect recycling material, including paper, metal, plastic and glass. Viral diseases transmitted by aerosol are ofimportance in equine medicine of exposed populations which share the common airspace. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies against equine viral arteritis virus (EVAV) and equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) incart horses of Curitiba and surroundings. A total of 97 samples were collected from crossbred cart horses, 51 males and 46 females, with average age of 15.3 years (from 4 months to 22 years) from April 2005 to June 2006, from Curitiba and São José dos Pinhais, Southern Brazil. All 97 samples tested were negative for EVAV. However, one horse from Curitiba (1/25) and four fromSão José dos Pinhais (4/72) were found positive for EHV-1, performing a total of five horses (4.1%). These results demonstrated lower rates of EVAV and EHV-1 when compared to other studies in purebred horse populations or horses used for other purposes. In conclusion, despite cart horses undergo daily traffic in urban areas with low access to veterinary assistance,they seem less exposed to the infection risk of equine viral arteritis virus and equine herpesvirus type 1 when compared to horses utilized for sports, exposition and reproduction.Aproximadamente 1.500 cavalos de carroceiros com baixo acesso à assistência veterinária e seus proprietários trafegam diariamente pela Região Metropolitana de Curitiba para coleta de materialreciclável, incluindo papel, metal, plástico e vidro. Doenças virais transmitidas por aerossol são de importância na medicina eqüina de populações expostas que compartilham o mesmo ambiente. O propósito deste estudo foi de avaliar a ocorrência de anticorposcontra o vírus da arterite eqüina (EVAV) e o herpes vírus eqüino tipo 1 (EHV-1) em cavalos de carroceiros de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. Um total de 97 amostras de sangue foram coletadas de cavalos de carroceiros sem raça definida sendo 51 machos e 46 fêmeas, média de 15,3 anos de idade de abril de 2005 a junho de 2006 em Curitiba e São José dos Pinhais. Todas as 97 amostras testadas foram negativas para EVAV. Entretanto, um cavalo de Curitiba (1/25) e quatro de São José dos Pinhais (4/72) foram positivos para EHV-1, com total de cinco cavalos (4.1%). Os resultados demonstraram taxas mais baixas de EVAV e EHV-1 quando comparados com outros estudos em cavalospuros ou para outros propósitos. Em conclusão, apesar dos cavalos de carroceiros realizarem tráfego diário em centros urbanos e terem pouco acesso à assistência veterinária, estes parecem estar menos expostos ao risco de infecção por EVAV e EHV-1 quando comparados com cavalos utilizados para esportes,exposições e reprodução

PREVALÊNCIA DE AFECÇÕES DA CAVIDADE ORAL DE CAVALOS DE TRAÇÃO DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE CURITIBA – PARANÁ

Afecções dentárias são as principais enfermidades da cavidade oral de equinos, podendo estar relacionadas à dieta e ao escore corporal. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar as desordens dentárias, escore corporal e o manejo alimentar que cavalos de tração da região metropolitana de Curitiba apresentam, e verificar se há correlação entre eles. Foram avaliados 64 equinos, através de exame clínico e avaliação odontológica. Destes, 52 apresentaram escore corporal adequado, 54 apresentaram apenas uma alteração dentária e 27 apresentaram duas ou mais, sendo a presença de caninos longos a alteração mais encontrada, observada em 20 cavalos. Pontas de esmalte, ganchos, rampas, presença do dente primeiro pré-molar, fraturas dentárias, cálculos dentários, degraus e ausência de dentes foram outras alterações encontradas. Os principais componentes da dieta desses cavalos de tração são: pasto, capim picado, farelo de trigo, milho e restos de comida. Através do Teste de Correlação de Spearman verificou-se ausência de significância estatística na correlação entre a dieta, as alterações dentárias e o escore corporal. Conclui-se com este estudo que os cavalos carroceiros da região metropolitana de Curitiba apresentam baixa prevalência de problemas dentários, os quais não são influenciados pela dieta e não acarretam em prejuízos ao seu escore corporal