Confinement, Monopoles and Wilsonian Effective Action

An effective low energy action for Yang-Mills theories is proposed, which invokes an additional auxiliary field $H_{\mu \nu}$ for the field strength $F_{\mu \nu}$. For a particular relation between the parameters of this action a gluon propagator with a $1/p^4$ behaviour for $p^2 \to 0$ in the Landau gauge is obtained. The abelian subsector of this action admits a duality transformation, where the dual action contains a Goldstone boson $\varphi$ as the dual of $H_{\mu \nu}$, and corresponds to an abelian Higgs model in the broken phase describing the condensation of magnetic charges. The Wilsonian renormalization group equations for the parameters of the original action are integrated in some approximation, and we find that the relation among the parameters associated with confinement appears as an infrared attractive fixed point.Comment: 25 pages, LaTex, 2 figure

Development of a New DNA Marker for Fusarium Yellows Resistance in Brassica rapa Vegetables

In vegetables of Brassica rapa L., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. rapae (For) or F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Foc) cause Fusarium yellows. A resistance gene against Foc (FocBr1) has been identified, and deletion of this gene results in susceptibility (focbr1-1). In contrast, a resistance gene against For has not been identified. Inoculation tests showed that lines resistant to Foc were also resistant to For, and lines susceptible to Foc were susceptible to For. However, prediction of disease resistance by a dominant DNA marker on FocBr1 (Bra012688m) was not associated with disease resistance of For in some komatsuna lines using an inoculation test. QTL-seq using four F2 populations derived from For susceptible and resistant lines showed one causative locus on chromosome A03, which covers FocBr1. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of FocBr1 between susceptible and resistant alleles (FocBr1 and FocBo1) showed that six amino acid differences were specific to susceptible lines. The presence and absence of FocBr1 is consistent with For resistance in F2 populations. These results indicate that FocBr1 is essential for For resistance, and changed amino acid sequences result in susceptibility to For. This susceptible allele is termed focbr1-2, and a new DNA marker (focbr1-2m) for detection of the focbr1-2 allele was develope

Hierarchically Porous ZSM-5 Synthesized by Nonionic- and Cationic-Templating Routes and Their Catalytic Activity in Liquid-Phase Esterification

Hierarchically porous MFI zeolites (ZSM-5) have been synthesized by hydrothermal treatment in the presence of trialkoxysilylated-derivatives of nonionic poly(oxyethylene) alkyl ether or alkyl quaternary ammonium cation as mesopore-generating agent, along with tetrapropylammonium cation as zeolite structure-directing agent. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed that zeolites have been crystallized, and scanning electron microscopy showed rugged surface morphology that was quite different from conventional ZSM-5. The mesoporosity was confirmed by nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement showing type IV isotherms with narrow distribution of mesopore diameters. The catalytic activity of these mesoporous ZSM-5 was tested in liquid-phase esterification of benzyl alcohol with hexanoic acid. The conversion of benzyl alcohol on mesoporous ZSM-5 prepared via cationic-templating route was almost 100%, being much higher than on mesoporous ZSM-5 prepared with silylated nonionic surfactant as well as on conventional ZSM-5 with no mesopores. The presence of Brønsted acid sites, together with the mesopores, was responsible for this catalytic conversion, as confirmed by pyridine adsorption monitored by in situ infrared and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Distorted wave impulse approximation analysis for spin observables in nucleon quasi-elastic scattering and enhancement of the spin-longitudinal response

We present a formalism of distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA) for analyzing spin observables in nucleon inelastic and charge exchange reactions leading to the continuum. It utilizes response functions calculated by the continuum random phase approximation (RPA), which include the effective mass, the spreading widths and the \Delta degrees of freedom. The Fermi motion is treated by the optimal factorization, and the non-locality of the nucleon-nucleon t-matrix by an averaged reaction plane approximation. By using the formalism we calculated the spin-longitudinal and the spin-transverse cross sections, ID_q and ID_p, of 12C, 40Ca (\vec{p},\vec{n}) at 494 and 346 MeV. The calculation reasonably reproduced the observed ID_q, which is consistent with the predicted enhancement of the spin-longitudinal response function R_L. However, the observed ID_p is much larger than the calculated one, which was consistent with neither the predicted quenching nor the spin-transverse response function R_T obtained by the (e,e') scattering. The Landau-Migdal parameter g'_N\Delta for the N\Delta transition interaction and the effective mass at the nuclear center m^*(r=0) are treated as adjustable parameters. The present analysis indicates that the smaller g'_{N\Delta}(\approx 0.3) and m^*(0) \approx 0.7 m are preferable. We also investigate the validity of the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) with the effective nucleon number approximation for the absorption, by means of which R_L and R_T have conventionally been extracted.Comment: RevTex 3, 29 pages, 2 tables, 8 figure

APP Processing Induced by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Yields Several APP Fragments in Human and Rat Neuronal Cells

Lifelong latent infections of the trigeminal ganglion by the neurotropic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are characterized by periodic reactivation. During these episodes, newly produced virions may also reach the central nervous system (CNS), causing productive but generally asymptomatic infections. Epidemiological and experimental findings suggest that HSV-1 might contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder is related to an overproduction of amyloid beta (Aβ) and other neurotoxic peptides, which occurs during amyloidogenic endoproteolytic processing of the transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP). The aim of our study was to identify the effects of productive HSV-1 infection on APP processing in neuronal cells. We found that infection of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and rat cortical neurons is followed by multiple cleavages of APP, which result in the intra- and/or extra-cellular accumulation of various neurotoxic species. These include: i) APP fragments (APP-Fs) of 35 and 45 kDa (APP-F35 and APP-F45) that comprise portions of Aβ; ii) N-terminal APP-Fs that are secreted; iii) intracellular C-terminal APP-Fs; and iv) Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. Western blot analysis of infected-cell lysates treated with formic acid suggests that APP-F35 may be an Aβ oligomer. The multiple cleavages of APP that occur in infected cells are produced in part by known components of the amyloidogenic APP processing pathway, i.e., host-cell β-secretase, γ-secretase, and caspase-3-like enzymes. These findings demonstrate that HSV-1 infection of neuronal cells can generate multiple APP fragments with well-documented neurotoxic potentials. It is tempting to speculate that intra- and extracellular accumulation of these species in the CNS resulting from repeated HSV-1 reactivation could, in the presence of other risk factors, play a co-factorial role in the development of AD

Cross-Section Measurement of Virtual Photoproduction of Iso-Triplet Three-Body Hypernucleus, ⋀nn

Missing-mass spectroscopy with the 3H(e, e′K+) reaction was carried out at Jefferson Lab’s (JLab) Hall A in Oct–Nov, 2018. The differential cross section for the 3H(γ∗, K+)Λnn was deduced at ω = Ee − Ee′ = 2.102 GeV and at the forward K+-scattering angle (0° ≤ θγ∗K ≤ 5°) in the laboratory frame. Given typical predicted energies and decay widths, which are (BΛ, Γ) = (−0.25, 0.8) and (−0.55, 4.7) MeV, the cross sections were found to be 11.2 ± 4.8(stat.)+4.1−2.1(sys.) and 18.1 ± 6.8(stat.)+4.2−2.9(sys.) nb/sr, respectively. The obtained result would impose a constraint for interaction models particularly between Λ and neutron by comparing to theoretical calculations