LA HEGEMONÍA EN EL PODER Y DESARROLLO TERRITORIAL

El presente ensayo busca explicar cómo la construcción de la relación entre las elites que forman parte del Estado y los grupos sociales que son dirigidos y dominados por el propio Estado —en términos de Gramsci la relación Estado y sociedad civil— generan un tipo de proyecto nacional que impacta al conjunto de territorios, que desde nuestra perspectiva operan como un sistema territorial que compone a un Estado nación. Las condiciones de desarrollo de cada territorio y del conjunto del sistema están afectadas por cómo se estructuran las relaciones entre los grupos de poder local y los grupos de poder central del Estado. Con estas herramientas analíticas se construye una explicación de la relación histórica que se va erigiendo en el México posrevolucionario entre ambos poderes que afecta al desarrollo territorial.   ABSTRACT Based upon a gramscian perspective, this paper seeks to explain how the relationship between the State and civil society generates a type of national project that impacts all its territories. Refering to mexican postrevolutionary experience, it is pointed out that development conditions in each territory and in the entire system are affected by the structure of interactions between the local power groups and the State's central power groups

Infrastructures, processes of insertion and the everyday: towards a new dialogue in critical policy studies

This forum argues that the complex assemblages of infrastructures, and their reproduction in our everyday worlds, offer a privileged lens through which to explore the practices of much of what critical policy studies holds dear. It draws attention to processes of insertion that reproduce infrastructure in everyday lives, arguing that such processes cast new light on the work of the state, governance, and democratic struggles. It discerns three avenues as a means of exploring such infrastructural processes: first, an invitation to transcend the physical form and reflect on infrastructural temporalities; second on the transformation of spatial governance and policy through infrastructure; and third, a re-assessment in the relationship between infrastructures and the ‘modernist ideal’. Through these avenues, light can be shed on the often ‘hidden’ practices of policymaking. We conclude by calling for a dialogue across diverse disciplines, side-stepping embedded divides between academics-activists, cities-towns, and the global south-north

The causes and implications of sex role diversity in shorebird breeding systems

Males and females often exhibit different behaviours during mate acquisition, pair-bonding and parenting, and a convenient label to characterize these behaviours is sex role. The diverse roles that male and female shorebirds (plovers, sandpipers and allies) exhibit in mating and parenting have played a key role in advancing mainstream theories in avian ecology and behavioural biology including sexual selection, sexual conflict and parental cooperation. Recent advances in shorebird research have also highlighted the significance of the social environment in driving sex role behaviours by linking the adult sex ratio with breeding behaviour and population demography. Here we review the key advances in sex role research using shorebirds as an ecological model system. We identify knowledge gaps and argue that shorebirds have untapped potential to accelerate diverse research fields including evolutionary genomics, movement ecology, social networks and environmental changes. Future studies of sex roles will benefit from individual-based monitoring using advanced tracking technologies, and from multi-team collaborations that are facilitated by standardized data collection methodologies across different species in the field. These advances will not only contribute to our understanding of reproductive strategies, but they will also have knock-on effects on predicting population resilience to environmental changes and on prioritizing species for conservation

Successful breeding predicts divorce in plovers

When individuals breed more than once, parents are faced with the choice of whether to re-mate with their old partner or divorce and select a new mate. Evolutionary theory predicts that, following successful reproduction with a given partner, that partner should be retained for future reproduction. However, recent work in a polygamous bird, has instead indicated that successful parents divorced more often than failed breeders (Halimubieke et al. in Ecol Evol 9:10734–10745, 2019), because one parent can benefit by mating with a new partner and reproducing shortly after divorce. Here we investigate whether successful breeding predicts divorce using data from 14 well-monitored populations of plovers (Charadrius spp.). We show that successful nesting leads to divorce, whereas nest failure leads to retention of the mate for follow-up breeding. Plovers that divorced their partners and simultaneously deserted their broods produced more offspring within a season than parents that retained their mate. Our work provides a counterpoint to theoretical expectations that divorce is triggered by low reproductive success, and supports adaptive explanations of divorce as a strategy to improve individual reproductive success. In addition, we show that temperature may modulate these costs and benefits, and contribute to dynamic variation in patterns of divorce across plover breeding systems

LA HEGEMONÍA EN EL PODER Y DESARROLLO TERRITORIAL

El presente ensayo busca explicar cómo la construcción de la relación entre las elites que forman parte del Estado y los grupos sociales que son dirigidos y dominados por el propio Estado —en términos de Gramsci la relación Estado y sociedad civil— generan un tipo de proyecto nacional que impacta al conjunto de territorios, que desde nuestra perspectiva operan como un sistema territorial que compone a un Estado nación. Las condiciones de desarrollo de cada territorio y del conjunto del sistema están afectadas por cómo se estructuran las relaciones entre los grupos de poder local y los grupos de poder central del Estado. Con estas herramientas analíticas se construye una explicación de la relación histórica que se va erigiendo en el México posrevolucionario entre ambos poderes que afecta al desarrollo territorial.   ABSTRACT Based upon a gramscian perspective, this paper seeks to explain how the relationship between the State and civil society generates a type of national project that impacts all its territories. Refering to mexican postrevolutionary experience, it is pointed out that development conditions in each territory and in the entire system are affected by the structure of interactions between the local power groups and the State's central power groups

A trama da crítica democrática: da participação à representação e à accountability The conceptual web of democratic critique: from participation to representation and accountability

Este artigo atenta para deslocamentos conceituais ocorridos entre "representação política", "participação" e "accountability" na crítica interna à democracia ao longo das últimas décadas, bem como examina sua ressignificação recíproca na definição de nova trama conceitual da crítica democrática. O conceito de accountability parece oferecer, hoje, o registro normativo para lidar com as exigências de legitimidade nas experiências de representação política extraparlamentar. Argumenta-se também, que as circunstâncias históricas que propiciaram a polaridade negativa ou capacidade crítica à "participação", no campo da teoria democrática, não apenas mudaram, mas tornaram inadequada sua especifi cação analítica para a compreensão das experiências de inovação democrática em curso.<br>In the last decades there has been a surprising conceptual shift between the role of three concepts - political representation, participation and accountability - in the internal criticism of democracy. This article sheds light on that shift by examining the reciprocal redefi nition of meaning between those concepts and the shape of a new conceptual network for democratic critique. Nowadays, internal critique of democracy has been developed from the stand point of representation theories, which used to be traditionally related to the defense of democracy. Participatory democracy models, once the main stand point for criticizing democracy, either lost influence or where integrated to more sophisticated deliberative democratic models. We argue that this state of affairs is due to a conceptual worthy dissociation between representative government and political representation. This dissociation works under democratic and pluralistic assumptions, thus, it is sensible to legitimacy challenges faced by extra-parliamentary political representation. In this scenario, accountability appears as a normative concept useful for dealing with those challenges. We argue as well that the democratic critical leverage of the concept of participation relied on historical circumstances that are not longer in place, rendering standard defi nitions of participation inaccurate for the understanding of ongoing experiences of democratic innovation