The Dendritic Branch Is the Preferred Integrative Unit for Protein Synthesis-Dependent LTP

SummaryThe late-phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP), the cellular correlate of long-term memory, induced at some synapses facilitates L-LTP expression at other synapses receiving stimulation too weak to induce L-LTP by itself. Using glutamate uncaging and two-photon imaging, we demonstrate that the efficacy of this facilitation decreases with increasing time between stimulations, increasing distance between stimulated spines and with the spines being on different dendritic branches. Paradoxically, stimulated spines compete for L-LTP expression if stimulated too closely together in time. Furthermore, the facilitation is temporally bidirectional but asymmetric. Additionally, L-LTP formation is itself biased toward occurring on spines within a branch. These data support the Clustered Plasticity Hypothesis, which states that such spatial and temporal limits lead to stable engram formation, preferentially at synapses clustered within dendritic branches rather than dispersed throughout the dendritic arbor. Thus, dendritic branches rather than individual synapses are the primary functional units for long-term memory storage

Indústria 4.0 e suas perspectivas futuras para o Brasil: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

The world is undergoing several changes of paradigms, the industry 4.0 or fourth Industrial Revolution comes to show us new forms of market, industries and human relations. The Industria 4.0 is a term created in Germany with the implementation of the project at the Hannover Fair in the year 2011. It has as main tools the Internet of things, 3d printing, cloud computing, Big Data, smart factories and Cyber security. From a systematic review of the literature, this article aims to perform an analysis with the purpose of identifying the main states of publication in Brazil, number of publications over time, universities and authors that more They published in the theme, key words, methodologies, main themes and results presented during the research. The results presented contribute to the identification of the impacts and future perspectives for Brazil with the advent of Industria 4.0, currently the state of São Paulo stands out with a greater number of publications, the key words most frequently are: Industry 4.0, Internet of things, advanced manufacturing, technology and innovation. Brazil is in the transition from the second to the third industrial revolution with the use of automation. There is a long way to go for the implementation of the 4.0 industry in Brazil, coupled with an excellent strategic planning directed to knowledge management The Brazilian market will reach the competitive advantage in the world economy.NenhumaO mundo está passando por diversas mudanças de paradigmas, a Industria 4.0 ou quarta revolução industrial vem nos mostrar novas formas de mercado, industrias e relações humanas. A Industria 4.0 é um termo criado na Alemanha com a implementação do projeto na Feira de Hannover, no ano de 2011. Tem como principais ferramentas a Internet das coisas, impressão 3D, computação em nuvem, Big Data, fabricas inteligentes e Cyber segurança. A partir de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, este artigo possui o objetivo de realizar uma análise com a finalidade de identificar os principais estados de publicação no Brasil, número de publicações ao longo do tempo, Universidades e autores que mais publicaram na temática, palavras chaves, metodologias, principais temas e resultados apresentados durante a pesquisa. Os resultados apresentados contribuem para a identificação dos impactos e perspectivas futuras para o Brasil com o advento da Industria 4.0, atualmente o estado de São Paulo se destaca com maior número de publicações, as palavras chaves com maior frequência são: Industria 4.0, Internet das coisas, manufatura avançada, tecnologia e inovação. O brasil se encontra na transição da segunda para terceira revolução industrial com a utilização da automação. Existe um longo caminho a ser percorrido para implantação da Industria 4.0 no Brasil, aliado a um excelente planejamento estratégico direcionado a gestão do conhecimento o mercado brasileiro alcançará a vantagem competitiva perante a economia mundial

Propuesta para la implementación de medios interpretativos en el zoológico Nezahualcoyotl, Parque del Pueblo, Estado de México.

El trabajo que a continuación se presenta fue realizado en el Zoológico Nezahualcóyotl, Parque del Pueblo ubicado en el Municipio de Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México. Este zoológico abrió sus puertas el 10 de mayo de 1975; sin embargo, en el 2001 fue cerrado y luego de tres años de profunda rehabilitación y modernización, fue reabierto el 5 de febrero de 2003. El parque es el único en su tipo en la zona oriente del Estado de México, cuenta con un museo de historia natural, espacios para talleres educativos, un lago artificial, teatro al aire libre y el zoológico, que alberga a 260 animales de 57 distintas especies, 31 de ellas en peligro de extinción. En este zoológico han nacido en los últimos meses diversos animales como el venado cola blanca, tigre de bengala, llama, bisonte y coyotes

Induction of cell-cell fusion by ectromelia virus is not inhibited by its fusion inhibitory complex

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ectromelia virus, a member of the Orthopox genus, is the causative agent of the highly infectious mousepox disease. Previous studies have shown that different poxviruses induce cell-cell fusion which is manifested by the formation of multinucleated-giant cells (polykaryocytes). This phenomenon has been widely studied with vaccinia virus in conditions which require artificial acidification of the medium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show that Ectromelia virus induces cell-cell fusion under neutral pH conditions and requires the presence of a sufficient amount of viral particles on the plasma membrane of infected cells. This could be achieved by infection with a replicating virus and its propagation in infected cells (fusion "from within") or by infection with a high amount of virus particles per cell (fusion "from without"). Inhibition of virus maturation or inhibition of virus transport on microtubules towards the plasma membrane resulted in a complete inhibition of syncytia formation. We show that in contrast to vaccinia virus, Ectromelia virus induces cell-cell fusion irrespectively of its hemagglutination properties and cell-surface expression of the orthologs of the fusion inhibitory complex, A56 and K2. Additionally, cell-cell fusion was also detected in mice lungs following lethal respiratory infection.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Ectromelia virus induces spontaneous cell-cell fusion in-vitro and in-vivo although expressing an A56/K2 fusion inhibitory complex. This syncytia formation property cannot be attributed to the 37 amino acid deletion in ECTV A56.</p

On comparison of manifold learning techniques for dendritic spine classification

Dendritic spines are one of the key functional components of neurons. Their morphological changes are correlated with neuronal activity. Neuroscientists study spine shape variations to understand their relation with neuronal activity. Currently this analysis performed manually, the availability of reliable automated tools would assist neuroscientists and accelerate this research. Previously, morphological features based spine analysis has been performed and reported in the literature. In this paper, we explore the idea of using and comparing manifold learning techniques for classifying spine shapes. We start with automatically segmented data and construct our feature vector by stacking and concatenating the columns of images. Further, we apply unsupervised manifold learning algorithms and compare their performance in the context of dendritic spine classification. We achieved 85.95% accuracy on a dataset of 242 automatically segmented mushroom and stubby spines. We also observed that ISOMAP implicitly computes prominent features suitable for classification purposes

Memória e Oralidade: a cantoria de viola e a contação de histórias na Região do Cariri Cearense

It Considers that memory is responsible for the remembrance and knowledge which helps on the construction of the society culture. It Highlights the story telling and the viola singing as manifestations which take advantage of memory to keep themselves alive and to dissociate the (local) culture as a propagation of the own practice of transmitted information through its performance (verses and stories). It questions what approximate these cultural practices, how they are identify and construct themselves in the local conjecture. It aims at elucidating the dialogue produced and expressed from the relations between tradition and orality being the memory the demarcation of the continuity of generations, a way of reaffirming the cultural values of Cariri from Ceará and the contribution of this memory in the construction of individual and collective stories. It analyzes the literature on the topic, considering that both the story telling as the viola singing congregate, in relation to their actors and their oeuvre, a repository of memories of their generation, their people, becoming elements of representation and society connection and its social, economic, political and cultural facets.Considera que la memoria es responsable de recordar y transmitir el conocimiento que ayuda en la construcción de la cultura de las sociedades. Destaca la narración de cuentos y el canto de violas como manifestaciones que utilizan la memoria para mantenerse con vida y difundir la cultura (local) como una propagación de la práctica misma de la información transmitida a través de su creación (versos e historias). Cuestiona qué acerca estas prácticas culturales, cómo se identifican y construyen en la coyuntura local. Su objetivo es dilucidar el diálogo producido y expresado a partir de las relaciones entre la tradición y la oralidad, teniendo la memoria como un marcador de la continuidad de las generaciones, una manera de reafirmar los valores culturales en la localidad de Cariri Cearense y la contribución de esta memoria en la construcción de historias individuales. y colectivo. Realiza un análisis de la literatura sobre el tema, considerando tanto la narración de cuentos como el canto de viola como factores convergentes, en relación con sus actores y sus obras, un depósito de recuerdos de su generación, su gente, convirtiéndose en elementos de representación y conexión de la sociedad y sus facetas sociales y económicas, política y cultural.Considera que a memória é responsável pela lembrança e transmissão de saberes concorrentes para a construção da cultura das sociedades. Destaca a contação de histórias e a cantoria de viola como manifestações que se utilizam da memória para se manterem vivas e difundirem a cultura (local) como propagação da própria prática das informações transmitidas por meio de seu fazer (versos e histórias). Questiona o que aproxima essas práticas culturais, como se identificam e se constroem na conjuntura local. Tem como objetivo elucidar o diálogo produzido e expresso a partir das relações entre tradição e oralidade, tendo a memória como demarcador da continuidade das gerações, uma forma de reafirmar os valores culturais na localidade do Cariri Cearense e a contribuição desta memória na construção de histórias individuais e coletivas. Realiza análise da literatura sobre o tema, considerando tanto a contação de histórias como a cantoria de viola fatores convergentes, em relação aos seus atores e suas obras, para a construção de um repositório de memórias de sua geração, seu povo, tornando-se elementos de representação e conexão da sociedade e suas facetas sociais, econômicas, políticas e culturais

Dendritic spine shape analysis using disjunctive normal shape models

Analysis of dendritic spines is an essential task to understand the functional behavior of neurons. Their shape variations are known to be closely linked with neuronal activities. Spine shape analysis in particular, can assist neuroscientists to identify this relationship. A novel shape representation has been proposed recently, called Disjunctive Normal Shape Models (DNSM). DNSM is a parametric shape representation and has proven to be successful in several segmentation problems. In this paper, we apply this parametric shape representation as a feature extraction algorithm. Further, we propose a kernel density estimation (KDE) based classification approach for dendritic spine classification. We evaluate our proposed approach on a data set of 242 spines, and observe that it outperforms the classical morphological feature based approach for spine classification. Our probabilistic framework also provides a way to examine the separability of spine shape classes in the likelihood ratio space, which leads to further insights about the nature of the shape analysis problem in this context

Nonparametric joint shape and feature priors for segmentation of dendritic spines

Multimodal shape density estimation is a challenging task in many biomedical image segmentation problems. Existing techniques in the literature estimate the underlying shape distribution by extending Parzen density estimator to the space of shapes. Such density estimates are only expressed in terms of distances between shapes which may not be sufficient for ensuring accurate segmentation when the observed intensities provide very little information about the object boundaries. In such scenarios, employing additional shape-dependent discriminative features as priors and exploiting both shape and feature priors can aid to the segmentation process. In this paper, we propose a segmentation algorithm that uses nonparametric joint shape and feature priors using Parzen density estimator. The joint prior density estimate is expressed in terms of distances between shapes and distances between features. We incorporate the learned joint shape and feature prior distribution into a maximum a posteriori estimation framework for segmentation. The resulting optimization problem is solved using active contours. We present experimental results on dendritic spine segmentation in 2-photon microscopy images which involve a multimodal shape density

The Elusive Baseline of Marine Disease: Are Diseases in Ocean Ecosystems Increasing?

Disease outbreaks alter the structure and function of marine ecosystems, directly affecting vertebrates (mammals, turtles, fish), invertebrates (corals, crustaceans, echinoderms), and plants (seagrasses). Previous studies suggest a recent increase in marine disease. However, lack of baseline data in most communities prevents a direct test of this hypothesis. We developed a proxy to evaluate a prediction of the increasing disease hypothesis: the proportion of scientific publications reporting disease increased in recent decades. This represents, to our knowledge, the first quantitative use of normalized trends in the literature to investigate an ecological hypothesis. We searched a literature database for reports of parasites and disease (hereafter “disease”) in nine marine taxonomic groups from 1970 to 2001. Reports, normalized for research effort, increased in turtles, corals, mammals, urchins, and molluscs. No significant trends were detected for seagrasses, decapods, or sharks/rays (though disease occurred in these groups). Counter to the prediction, disease reports decreased in fishes. Formulating effective resource management policy requires understanding the basis and timing of marine disease events. Why disease outbreaks increased in some groups but not in others should be a priority for future investigation. The increase in several groups lends urgency to understanding disease dynamics, particularly since few viable options currently exist to mitigate disease in the oceans