Moderation in Fatwas and Ijtihad: An Analysis of Fatwas Issued by the MKI Malaysia Concerning the Covid-19 Pandemic

Certain muftis reject the moderation method when giving fatwas. They are more prone to extremism or dereliction approaches. This rejection occurs due to various causes and, if left unaddressed, will have a detrimental impact on the fatwa institutions, muftis, and mustaftis. This research discussed the notion of moderation in Islam and how it is applied in the realm of a fatwa. Given that Malaysia is currently dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic and that the MKI (Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam) has issued several fatwas on it, this research will look into the fatwas and the features of moderation inherent within it. Using Bowen's document analysis methodology, this study was performed qualitatively by gathering pertinent data from primary and secondary documents. The retrieved data from both documents were analyzed using content analysis methodology to get valuable information and rearrange it to produce meaning that could be understood and digested. The findings demonstrate that moderation is a symbol of Islam and that one of Islam's virtues is to conduct religious affairs and issue rulings with moderation. In fatwas, the notion of moderation centers on facilitating Muslims' religious experiences. In the context of the MKI fatwas, this study discovered that five fatwas were issued on Islamic affairs during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the findings of this study, each fatwa has its features of moderation.   AbstrakBeberapa mufti tertentu menolak menerapkan moderasi saat memberikan fatwa. Mereka lebih rentan terhadap pendekatan ekstremisme atau kelalaian. Penolakan ini terjadi karena berbagai sebab. Hal itu jika dibiarkan akan berdampak merugikan bagi lembaga fatwa, mufti, dan para mustafti. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk membahas pengertian moderasi dalam Islam dan bagaimana penerapannya dalam konteks fatwa. Mengingat bahwa Malaysia saat ini sedang berurusan dengan pandemi COVID-19 dan bahwa MKI (Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia) telah mengeluarkan beberapa fatwa yang berkaitan hal tersebut. Penelitian ini akan melihat fatwa-fatwa tersebut dan bentuk moderasi yang melekat di dalamnya. Untuk menjelaskan rumusan masalah dan tujuannya, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data terkait dari dokumen primer dan sekunder menggunakan metodologi analisis dokumen Bowen. Data yang diperoleh dari kedua jenis dokumen tersebut dianalisis menggunakan metodologi analisis isi untuk mendapatkan informasi yang berharga dan disusun kembali untuk menghasilkan makna yang dapat dipahami dan dicerna. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa moderasi adalah simbol Islam, dan bahwa salah satu keutamaan Islam adalah moderasi saat menjalankan urusan agama dan mengeluarkan aturan. Dalam fatwa, gagasan moderasi berpusat pada prinsip memfasilitasi umat Islam dalam menjalankan urusan agamanya. Dalam konteks fatwa MKI saat ini, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa lima fatwa yang dikeluarkan berkaitan dengan urusan Islam dalam krisis pandemi COVID-19. Temuan penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa setiap fatwa memiliki ciri moderasinya sendiri

The History of Rapa’i Dabôh in Aceh

Rapa’i dabôh is a traditional art played by 12 people accompanied with risky attractions using sharp objects namely knife, sword, chainsaw, chain, sharpened bamboo and many else. The aim of this study is to find out the history of rapa’i dabôh in Aceh. The instruments used in this research are observation, interview and documentation. Techniques of data analysis are data reduction, data display and data verification/conclusion. The study revealed that the history of rapa’i dabôh in Aceh was from a prominent ulama named Syekh Abdul Qadir Jailani inherited by Syekh Rafa’i, popularly recognised later as Tarekat Rifa’iyyah. Rapa’i dabôh was early formerly used as media for preaching the Islamic teaching, but later it developed into an art fancied by most the Acehnese people. The spread of rapa’i dabôh was carried by the preachers from north-eastern to southwest-southern part of Aceh, then it inspired many groups of performance such as Rincong Pusaka at Ie Lhop village, Tangan-Tangan, Southwest Aceh and Putra Naga at Mutiara village, Sawang, South Aceh. Both groups still exist until today

Improvement of red-pigment-producing fungal strain (Monascus purpureus FTC 5391) using monospore isolation technique

Monospore isolation technique was performed to obtain the improved strain that has high and consistent ability to produce red pigment. The ability of Monascus purpureus FTC 5391 wild strain in producing red pigment was successfully improved using monospore isolation technique. By using this approach of improvement, three different monospore isolates of M. purpureus FTC 5391 (MP 3, MP 4 and MP 5) were obtained as the best red pigment producers when glucose, potato starch and rice starch were used as carbon source, respectively

Kinetics of red pigment fermentation in 2-litre stirred tank fermenter using different types and concentrations of carbon sources

Kinetics of red pigment fermentation by Monascus purpureus FTC 5391 using various sources of carbon (glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose) were analysed using a model based on Logistic and Leudeking-Piret equations. Using the optimal concentration of fructose, batch fermentation without pH control was capable to produce slightly higher red pigment (20.70 UA500) as compared to fermentation using glucose (20.63 UA500). In terms of overall productivity, fermentation using fructose (0.153 UA500/h) was comparable to glucose (0.122 UA500/h). The production of red-pigment by M. purpureus FTC 5391 appeared to be a non-growth associated process; whereby rapid red-pigment production occurred during non-growth phase after the depletion of carbon in the medium and the on-set of ethanol accumulation. It seemed that the red-pigment was formed from the metabolism of ethanol accumulated in the culture

Melawat di Simeulue (Studi Kasus di Desa Lambaya Kec. Simeulue Tengah dengan Desa Sanggiran Kec. Simeulue Barat Kabupaten Simeulue)

This study aims to find out the history of visiting Simeulue, the visiting procession the Lambaya Village with Sanggiran Village, the role of the community in preserving visiting traditions and the benefits of visiting the people of Lambaya Village with Sanggiran Village. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that visiting procession is a visit activity carried out by a group of individuals, organizations or communities by way of deliberations with citizens, communicating, and preparing all the necessities and interests of visiting activities. This visit is led by the highest person in the village or someone who is trusted as the leader of the activity group. The role and benefits of the community to preserve the tradition of visiting is that the community continues to maintain, apply, maintain and develop traditions and cultural values so that visiting can strengthen harmony in daily life. In addition, by visiting them they can get new experiences, find out weaknesses, lack of organization, keep them away from enmity, get new families and most importantly get knowledge that they have not yet gotten

Development Model of Gender Equality Study in Inheritance Distribution of Tanah Luwu Communities

This research’s aims are 1. analyze the Tanah Luwu people's inheritance distribution, 2. analyze the views of Gender Equality on how to distribute the inheritance of the Tanah Luwu Tribe community, 3. analyze the model for developing gender equality in the inheritance distribution system of the Tanah Luwu people. This study uses an explorative-qualitative research method that describes the development model of gender equality studies in the distribution of inheritance for the people of Tanah Luwu by studying inheritance cases enforced concerning parts and kinship systems. The study shows that the people of the Tanah Luwu tribe generally adhere to Islam; however, they still highly respect the customs passed down from generation to generation to their families, including in inheritance. Therefore, when asked about the inheritance laws that apply, they answer Islamic inheritance laws. However, they use inheritance laws according to their wishes or the appointing system and consider it fair. Gender equality views the inheritance distribution of the people of Tanah Luwu as unfair; thus, there is concern among the heirs. Tension can lead to conflicts or disputes. The gender equality development model is the conflict management and conflict transformation approach

أخذ الأجرة على الصلاة والإمامة حكمه، وضوابطه: ماليزيا نموذجا = Taking salary for salah and imamate its ruling and regulations: a case study of Malaysia

The purpose of this research is to study the regulations that the fuqaha´ have dealt with on permissibility to take the salary for pure acts of worship and others, considering the transfer of its usefulness or not in prayer and imamate. This will be done by answering two main questions: what goes into the realm of pure acts of worship and what does not?; and to what extent transferring of its usefulness or not is considered for permissibility to take the salary for them? The research has followed the descriptive and analytical methods. It has also followed applied approach to what is happening today in Malaysia as a model. The researcher has reached a number of conclusions concerning the validity of taking the salary on the imamate not prayer itself. The regulations determined by the jurists are applicable to the imamate not prayer itself. The applications carried out in the Malaysian state about taking salary on the imamate are sound because its conditions and regulations are fulfilled, which led to consider the state of Malaysia as a country that takes care of the affairs of the Islamic religion despite the challenges faced both inside and outside

ضوابط الأجرة على الحج والعمرة: ماليزيا نموذجا = Rulings on taking the fare on Hajj and Umrah: Malaysia as a model

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة الضوابط التي تناولها الفقهاء على جواز أخذ الأجرة على العبادات المحضة وغيرها، بإعتبار تعدي نفعها وعدمه في الحج عن الغير؛ وسيتم ذلك من خلال الإجابة على سؤالين رئيسين؛ هما: ما مدى مفهوم العبادات المحضة وغيرها، وما مدى اعتبار تعدية نفعها وعدمه في جواز أخذ الأجرة عليهما؟ وقد تتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي ثم التطبيقي على ما يجري اليوم في دولة ماليزيا كنموذج، وتوصل إلى جملة من النتائج التي تتعلق بصحة أخذ الأجرة على الحج عن الغير، وأن الضوابط التي قررها الفقهاء منطبقة على الحج عن الغير وأن التطبيقات التي جرت في دولة ماليزيا حول أخذ الأجرة على الحج عن الغير صحيحة لتوفرها الشروط والضوابط، مما أدى إلى اعتبار دولة ماليزيا دولة مهتمة بشؤون الدين الإسلامي مع ما تواجهه من التحديات داخلا وخارج ******************************************************************************************* The purpose of this research is to study the regulations that the fuqaha have dealt with, that it is permissible to take the reward for pure acts of worship and others, considering the extent of its usefulness and lack thereof hajj for others. This will be done by answering two main questions: What is the meaning of pure acts of worship and the extent of its usefulness and lack in receiving monetary reward on its. The research follows the analytical and applied descriptive approach to what is happening today in the state of Malaysia as a model, and reached a number of results related to the validity of taking the monetary reward on pilgrimage to others, and that the controls decided by the jurists apply to Hajj for others and that the applications carried out in Malaysia about taking the monetary reward on the Hajj for others is correct for the availability of conditions and controls, which led to the state of Malaysia as a country interested in the affairs of the Islamic religion with the challenges faced both inside and outside

Seni Mengikat Tengkolok Warisan Perak Darulridzuan

Tujuan penulisan kertas kerja ini adalah untuk mendokumentasikan proses teknik lipatan tengkolok warisan Melayu. Tengkolok merupakan salah satu hiasan atau penutup kepala lelaki Melayu yang unik serta mempunyai identiti tersendiri.Seni mengikat tengkolok ini mencerminkan ketinggian ilmu serta kreativiti orang Melayu zaman dahulu dalam mereka bentuk sesebuah tengkolok. Bagi menjelaskan proses teknik lipatan tengkolok ini, pendekatan kebudayaan secara kualitatif digunakan. Data secara bertulis atau visual dikumpul dengan menggunakan kaedah pemerhatian dan temubual. Hasil penelitian mendapati bahawa proses teknik lipatan tengkolok ini terbahagi kepada tiga bahagian iaitu bahagian pertama adalah teknik lipatan asas, bahagian kedua adalah simpul dan bahagian ketiga adalah solek (reka bentuk). Justeru itu, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan mengenai teknik lipatan tengkolok Ayam Patah Kepak dari Perak Darul Ridzuan. Pendokumentasian teknik lipatan tengkolok ini merupakan salah satu cara bagi menghargai hasil seni warisan Melayu agar terpelihara dan diwarisi dari zaman ke zaman. Di samping itu kajian ini dapat dijadikan rujukan kepada para penyelidik terutama dalam warisan pakaian Melayu dan generasi muda pada masa kini serta akan datan

Husband-Wife income sharing from al-Ma'ruf perspective / Azhar Abdul Aziz … [et al.]

Current scenario has indicated that the number of women going to work is increasing and cases of wives having more incomes than their husbands are common. This has led to a question of whose responsibility is the expenditure of a family, particularly when the husbands are having lesser incomes. The concept of income sharing between husband and wife is seen as a solution to the issue. This study attempted to examine the al-ma 'ruf concept of income sharing from the view of the scholars. The survey method was then adopted to examine the current practice of income sharing under the al-ma 'ruf concept. Finding of the study showed that a significant number of husbands neglect their responsibilities to bear the financial rights of the wives, thus non-complying the ma'ruf concept. The study proposed for the husbands to strive harder in fulfilling their responsibilities to finance the expenditure of the family