Preparasi Dan Karakterisasi Nanosuspensi Dengan Polivinilpirolidon (PVP) Sebagai Pembawa Nanopartikel Senyawa Asam Mefenamat

Several methods and technologies to increasing the solubility and dissolution rate of adrug substance has been successfully developed, such as forming of a complexingcompound, salt preparation, adjusting the pH, making of solid dispersions, etc. Oneof the technologies that are being developed is nanoparticle technology. Micronizationof drug that is processed to produce particles with nano-size. This research aims tocreate and characterize nanosuspension with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as thevehicle of mefenamic acid nanoparticles using vibrating mill and ultrasound equipment.Nanosuspension obtained was characterized by optical microscope and PSA toperform optimization nanosuspension formed. The result of characterization showedthat the nanosuspension have an average diameter is 623.9 nm. Then, nanosuspensionof mefenamic acid was freeze drying. Nanosuspension and bulk of mefenamic acidwere characterization by XRD and put in a hard capsule shell for dissolution test.Profile of dissolution test with tris buffer media indicates that nanosuspension ofmefenamic acid has a pattern of drug release is slower and constant compared with themefenamic acid. bulk

Optimasi Kecepatan Disintegrasi Tablet Terdisintegrasi Cepat (Fast Disintegrating Tablet) Domperidon Dengan Superdisintegran Sodium Starch Glycolate

Fast disintegrating tablet is one of advanced pharmaceutical technologies. Fast disintegrating tablets is a tablet when placed on the tongue will be instantly disintegrated and releases the drug with the help of saliva. This technology can solve the problem of using oral drug in patients such as pediatrics, geriatrics or in circumstances where the patient can not swallow tablets conventionally with the help of water. The purpose of this study was to optimize the speed of disintegration in fast disintegrating tablet formulations both with varying  concentrations of sodium starch glycolate. Optimization the speed of disintegration was done by using sodium starch glycolate with concentration of 8%, 12% and 16% and then disintegration time was tested. After the optimum speed decided, the next step was optimizing thetaste using various manitol concentration of 32%, 36% and 40% and evaluation of the taste was conducted by using hedonity test and analyzed with SPSS prog. Disintegration of good fast disintegrating tablet was 27 ± 1 second. The best disintegration time was achieved in tablet using sodium starch glycolate of 16%

EFFECT OF TRANSFERSOME FORMULATION ON THE STABILITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE IN ANTI-AGING CREAM

Objective: N-acetylcysteine is an antioxidant with thiol/sulfhydryl groups and is currently being developed as an active ingredient in anti-agingcreams. The study’s aim was to compare the stability and antioxidant activity of N-acetylcysteine in anti-aging creams formulated with and withouta transfersome carrier system.Methods: Stability was assessed by performing cycling, centrifugal, and accelerated stability tests. In addition, antioxidant activity was measuredby the DPPH method, and in vitro penetration was measured using Franz diffusion cells. The analysis of N-acetylcysteine was performed using highperformanceliquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible detection at a wavelength of 214 nm and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, injection volume of5 μL, and a mobile phase of phosphate buffer pH 3.0.Results: The N-acetylcysteine transfersome and non-transfersome cream preparations did not change color or show phase separation during thecycling and centrifugal tests. The N-acetylcysteine in the transfersome and non-transfersome cream preparations had strong antioxidant activity,with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 26.90 μg/mL and 38.63 μg/mL, respectively. The in vitro penetration test using Franz diffusion cellsshowed that the cumulative amount of penetrated N-acetylcysteine was 7355.13 μg/cm2 (flux of 845.67 μg/cm2∙h) in the transfersome cream and4677.61 μg/cm2 (flux of 533.33 μg/cm2∙h) in the non-transfersome cream.Conclusion: The in vitro penetration test results showed that the transfersome formulations in creams were able to increase the cumulative amountand flux of penetrated N-acetylcysteine in anti-aging cream preparations relative to those not formulated with transfersome

IN VITRO PENETRATION TESTS OF TRANSETHOSOME GEL PREPARATIONS CONTAINING CAPSAICIN

Objective: Capsaicin is an active compound found in chili pepper and has been shown to have analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-obesityproperties. To improve its penetration into the skin, capsaicin was prepared in a transethosome vesicle. Importantly, transethosomes are vesicles thatconsist of phosphatidylcholine, surfactant, and ethanol. In this study, capsaicin was prepared in a transethosome vesicle using two different methods:Direct transethosome formation and thin layer hydration. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of various methods of transethosomeformation on capsaicin characteristics and to evaluate the penetration capabilities of transethosome capsaicin gel.Methods: Ultimately, transethosome formation via the thin layer method yielded more favorable characteristics; these formations had particle sizesof 174.9±2.02 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 84.85±1.15%. The transethosome suspension was then developed into a gel formulation using 1%carbomer. An in vitro penetration test was performed using a Franz diffusion cell of mice abdomen skin, and the performance of the transethosomecapsaicin gel was compared to that of the standard capsaicin gel.Results: Penetration rate of capsaicin from either the transethosome gel preparation and the standard gel substance was 1549.68±49.6 and846.05±10.1 μg/cm2, respectively.Conclusions: According to these results, it can be concluded that gel preparations containing transethosome increase capsaicin penetration into theskin

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA DENDENG PADA CV GUNUNG SEULAWAH DI KOTA BANDA ACEH

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA DENDENG PADA CV. GUNUNG SEULAWAH DI KOTA BANDA ACEHOLEHIskandarsyah / Agribisnis UnsyiahABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor internal dan faktor eksternal apa saja yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pengembangan usaha dendeng pada CV. Gunung Seulawah di Kota Banda Aceh serta untuk mengetahui bagaimana strategi pengembangan usaha dendeng pada CV. Gunung Seulawah ditinjau dari analisis SWOT. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil pengamatan dan wawancara di lapangan. Metode SWOT digunakan untuk membandingkan antara faktor eksternal peluang (Opportunities) dan ancaman (Threats) dengan faktor internal kekuatan (Strengths) namun secara bersamaan dapat meminimalkan kelemahan (Weaknesses). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, faktor internal yang mempengaruhi usaha dendeng pada CV. Gunung Seulawah adalah adanya manajemen yang baik, sumberdaya manusia yang berkualitas serta pemasaran yang baik. Faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi usaha dendeng pada CV. Gunung Seulawah adalah adanya persaingan antar usaha, pelanggan yang tetap, pasar yang kompetitif, teknologi yang baik serta pertumbuhan ekonomi. Berdasarkan hasil dari analisis SWOT strategi pengembangan yang sesuai untuk usaha dendeng pada CV. Gunung Seulawah adalah strategi agresif yaitu dengan cara memanfaatkan teknologi untuk memasuki pasar yang lebih luas.Kata Kunci: SWOT, Faktor Internal, Faktor Eksternal, Strategi Pengembanga

PHYSICAL STABILITY TESTING OF P-SYNEPHRINE PREPARED AS TRANSFERSOME GEL

Objectives: While p-synephrine exhibits lipolytic activity, it also has a low oral bioavailability as well as hydrophilic characteristic, so it is difficult forit to penetrate the epidermis if it is made into transdermal preparation. The purpose of this research was to increase the penetration of p-synephrineby preparing it as transfersome gel.Materials and Methods: Three transfersome formulas were prepared—F1, F2, and F3—with the surfactants used at Tween 80, Span 80, and thecombination of Tween 80 and Span 80 with a ratio of 1:1, respectively.Results: The results showed that F1 was the best formula, with the highest entrapment efficiency, of 64.058±0.754%, a particle size average of103.3 nm, polydispersity index 0.269±0.05, and zeta potential of −36.2±0.64 mV, so this formula was employed for the gel formulation. Two gelformulas were then prepared, transfersome gel (GT) and non transfersome gel (GNT).Conclusions: The two gels were evaluated for their physical stability, and GT was found to be more stable than GNT

IN VITRO STUDY OF A TRANSFERSOMAL GEL PREPARATION CONTAINING LYNESTRENOL AS A TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Objective: Lynestrenol, a progestin hormone derivative, can suppress the productions of endogenous estrogen and progesterone hormones (ovaries)to prevent ovulation. In this study, lynestrenol was included in various transfersomal gel preparations for its transdermal delivery into fat (F)-andnon-fat (NF)-containing skin tissues.Methods: Lynestrenol transfersome vesicles were prepared by encapsulating the drug in varied concentrations of phosphatidylcholine and Tween80 using lipid film hydration method. Transfersomes were produced in the form of gel preparations at a dose of 0.15 mg/week and evaluated fortheir particle size, percentage of entrapment efficiency, and particle polydispersity. We performed in vitro evaluations of the formulation variants F0(lynestrenol gel control) and F1 and F2 (lynestrenol transfersome gels) with variations in their phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 content. We thenperformed an in vitro evaluation using the Franz diffusion cell (FDC) method for 12 h using all three formulations on F and NF-containing rat skin.Results: The FDC results demonstrated that lynestrenol was deposited into fat tissue and increased concentrations of Tween 80 (edge activator)increased lynestrenol delivery into this tissue. In addition, the percentages of drug penetration from NF rat skin treated with F0, F1, and F2 gels were19.56%, 20.13%, and 20.56%, respectively, and those from F rat skin were 17.16%, 17.38%, and 17.50%, respectively.Conclusion: In vitro evaluation using the FDC method indicates that transdermal drug delivery through to fat tissues using transfersomes is apromising method for lynestrenol delivery

Camellia sinensis extract phytosomes inhibit body weight gain in Sprague-Dawley rats

A phytosome is a kind of nanovesicle lipids to increase the absorption of active substances. Green tea extract was formulated into phytosome to find out its ability to inhibit weight gain. There were three formulas with thin layer hydration. Furthermore, phytosome complex formation, morphology, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, and absorption efficiency test were characterized. Phytosomes and green tea extracts were tested for absorption in vitro. A total of 25 rats were divided into five test groups, which were the normal group, placebo group, orlistat group, green tea extract group, and phytosome group. For 8 weeks they were orally induced using 10% of fructose + 2% of cholesterol, and test treatment. The best characteristics of FIII were formed complex, spherical morphology, Dv90 782.67 ± 39.7 nm, polydispersity index of 56 ± 0.11, zeta potential of -70.83 ± 1.67 mV, and adsorption efficiency of 97.77 ± 2.66 %. The test on the animals at week 8 resulted in percentage of weight gain in normal treatment of 46.47 ± 17.48%, placebo of 101.17 ± 10.37%, orlistat of 42.51 ± 25.13%, green tea extract of 92.73 ± 36.43%, and phytosomes of 45.09 ± 15.56%. Green tea extract flux was 2316.2 ± 1309.8 μg/cm2/hour, while phytosome flux was 3125.3 ± 2071.8 μg /cm2/hour. To sum up, phytosomes can inhibit weight gain and are better than to green tea extracts (p < 0.05)

Upaya Desa Api-api dalam Menjadi Desa Terbaik Se Kabupaten Bengkalis Tahun 2012

This study examines the efforts of the village in the Api-Api be the best village of Se Bengkalis in 2012 and are the focus of this study is what the efforts made Village Api-Api to be the best village of Se Kebupaten Bengkalis. In this research using descriptive qualitative method, is the effort to collect, collate and interpret existing data and then analyze the data, examine, describe and examine more clearly from a variety of factors related to the conditions, situations and phenomena were investigated. This research method could certainly describe the journey of an idea or thought involved in matters that are limited in this study. This study used an interview with the informant as an object in this study. The type of data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The results showed in the efforts undertaken by the Village Api-Api, there are some attempts by Api-Api village as in the health sector efforts made increase knowledge and awareness of village communities on health, immunization, education efforts made to provide scholarships to needy households, facilitate the maintenance of poor letter, in the field of institutional efforts made to provide facilities infrastructure, in the areas of village government efforts made to foster employee discipline, education and training, in the field of community economic assistance efforts of the agricultural infrastructure, fostering , direct and control of agricultural products with the help of the Department of agriculture. The results showed in the efforts undertaken by the Village Api-Api, there are some attempts by Api-Api village as in the health sector efforts made increase knowledge and awareness of village communities on health, immunization, education efforts made to provide scholarships to needy households, facilitate the maintenance of poor letter, in the field of institutional efforts made to provide facilities infrastructure, in the areas of village government efforts made to foster employee discipline, education and training, in the field of community economic assistance efforts of the agricultural infrastructure, fostering , direct and control of agricultural products with the help of the Department of agriculture. Keywords: effort, village administration, policy, coordination. Keywords: effort, village administration, policy, coordination

EFFECT OF HYDROPHILICITY SURFACTANTS TOWARD CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VITRO TRANSFERSOMES PENETRATION IN GELS USING FRANZ DIFFUSION TEST

Objective: Capsaicin is a bioactive compound with poor solubility in water. Transfersomes can increase the solubility and thus the penetration ofcapsaicin into the epidermis. Transfersomes also offer the advantage of being ultradeformable vesicles that are made using the thin layer hydrationmethod. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the hydrophilicity of surfactants on the characterization and in vitro penetrative ability ofcapsaicin transfersomes in gels using non-ionic surfactants with different hydrophile-lipophile balances, namely, Span 80, Tween 80, and a mixtureof Span 80, and Tween 80.Methods: The best characterization result for transfersomes is the formula using Tween 80. The total cumulative amount of capsaicin penetratedfrom the transfersome gel using Tween 80 is 1663.89±1.58 mg/cm2, the percentage is 57.96±0.05%, and the flux is 166.38±0.15 μg/cm2.hr−1.Results: In terms of the transfersome gel using a mixture of Span 80 and Tween 80, the cumulative amount of capsaicin penetrated is1539.8±21.23 μg/cm2, the percentage is 54.47±0.75%, and the flux is 153.98±2.12 μg/cm2.hr−1. Finally, from the transfersome gel using Span 80, thecumulative amount of capsaicin penetrated is 1395.10±7.23 mg/cm2, the percentage is 50.80±0.26%, and the flux is 139.51±0.72 mg/cm2.hr−1.Conclusions: The best characteristics resulted from the transfersome formulation using Tween 80, which demonstrated the highest entrapmentefficiency calculation result, the smallest particle size, the best deformability index, and the highest penetration when compared to the other twoformulations