Régularisation de problèmes inverses à l'aide de l'équation de diffusion, avec application à l'assimilation variationnelle de données océaniques

En assimilation de données, les modèles de corrélation permettent de caractériser les structures d'erreurs pour les variables définies sur une grille numérique. L'équation de diffusion fournit un cadre flexible et efficace pour représenter des fonctions de corrélation pour des problèmes de grande dimension tels que ceux rencontrés en assimilation variationnelle pour l'atmosphère ou l'océan. Des produits d'opérateurs de diffusion implicite 1D sont ensuite utilisés pour construire des modèles de corrélation en dimension deux et trois pour des configurations globales d'un système d'assimilation variationnelle pour le modèle océanique NEMO. Leurs performances sont comparées au modèle de diffusion explicite existant, et des exemples de structures de corrélation où les échelles sont soit paramétrées, soit issues d'une méthode d'ensemble, sont montrés. Enfin, les performances de différentes techniques de normalisation sont comparées.Correlations models are required in data assimilation to characterize the error structures of variables defined on a numerical grid. The diffusion equation provides a flexible and efficient framework for representing correlation functions for problems of large dimension such as those encountered in variational atmospheric or ocean data assimilation. Products of 1D implicit diffusion operators are then used for constructing two-and three-dimensional correlation models for global configurations of a variational assimilation systems for the NEMO ocean model. Their efficiency are compared to the exixting explicit diffusion model, and examples using an ensemble method. Finally, the efficiency of different normalization techniques are compared

Toward an improved design of the in-situ observing system for ocean reanalysis, analysis and forecasting: design of experiments

This report presents the work plan within the task 1.3 - Observing System Design Studie

Stress-Induced Activation of Heterochromatic Transcription

Constitutive heterochromatin comprising the centromeric and telomeric parts of chromosomes includes DNA marked by high levels of methylation associated with histones modified by repressive marks. These epigenetic modifications silence transcription and ensure stable inheritance of this inert state. Although environmental cues can alter epigenetic marks and lead to modulation of the transcription of genes located in euchromatic parts of the chromosomes, there is no evidence that external stimuli can globally destabilize silencing of constitutive heterochromatin. We have found that heterochromatin-associated silencing in Arabidopsis plants subjected to a particular temperature regime is released in a genome-wide manner. This occurs without alteration of repressive epigenetic modifications and does not involve common epigenetic mechanisms. Such induced release of silencing is mostly transient, and rapid restoration of the silent state occurs without the involvement of factors known to be required for silencing initiation. Thus, our results reveal new regulatory aspects of transcriptional repression in constitutive heterochromatin and open up possibilities to identify the molecular mechanisms involved

Régularisation de problèmes inverses à l'aide de l'équation de diffusion, avec application à l'assimilation variationnelle de données océaniques

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

A multiple length scale correlation operator for ocean data assimilation

Ocean data assimilation systems can take into account time and space scale variations by representing background error covariance functions with more complex shapes than the classical Gaussian function. In particular, the construction of the correlation functions can be improved to give more flexibility. We describe a correlation operator that features high correlations within a short scale and weak correlations within a larger scale. This multiple length scale correlation operator is defined as a linear combination of Whittle–Matérn functions with different length scales. The main characteristics of the resulting correlation function are described. In particular, a focus is given on features that might be of interest to determine the parameters of the model: the Daley length scale, the normalised spectrum inflexion point and the kurtosis coefficient.The multiple length scale operator has been implemented in NEMOVAR, a variational ocean data assimilation system. A dual length scale formulation was tested in a one-year reanalysis and compared with a single length scale formulation. The results emphasise the importance of estimating with great care the factors used within the combination. They also demonstrate the potential of the dual length scale formulation, in particular through a decrease of the innovation statistics for salinity profiles. The dual length scale formulation is now operational at the Met Office

Requirements for an Integrated in situ Atlantic Ocean Observing System From Coordinated Observing System Simulation Experiments

A coordinated effort, based on observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs), has been carried out by four European ocean forecasting centers for the first time, in order to provide insights on the present and future design of the in situ Atlantic Ocean observing system from a monitoring and forecasting perspective. This multi-system approach is based on assimilating synthetic data sets, obtained by sub-sampling in space and time using an eddy-resolving unconstrained simulation, named the Nature Run. To assess the ability of a given Atlantic Ocean observing system to constrain the ocean model state, a set of assimilating experiments were performed using four global eddy-permitting systems. For each set of experiments, different designs of the in situ observing system were assimilated, such as implementing a global drifter array equipped with a thermistor chain down to 150 m depth or extending a part of the global Argo array in the deep ocean. While results from the four systems show similarities and differences, the comparison of the experiments with the Nature Run, generally demonstrates a positive impact of the different extra observation networks on the temperature and salinity fields. The spread of the multi-system simulations, combined with the sensitivity of each system to the evaluated observing networks, allowed us to discuss the robustness of the results and their dependence on the specific analysis system. By helping define and test future observing systems from an integrated observing system view, the present work is an initial step toward better-coordinated initiatives supporting the evolution of the ocean observing system and its integration within ocean monitoring and forecasting systems

ASSIMILATION DES VITESSES TOTALES DES COURANTS DE SURFACE PAR SATELLITE DANS LES SYSTÈMES MONDIAUX DE PRÉVISION OCÉANIQUE

International audienceObservations of ocean velocities are currently limited and are not routinely assimilated in global operational ocean forecasting systems. This may change with proposed new satellite missions designed to observe ocean surface velocities. The ESA Assimilation of Total Surface Current Velocity (A-TSCV) project will use observing system simulation experiments to investigate the assimilation of total surface current velocities in operational global forecasting systems. Synthetic observations of the standard observing network along with synthetic observations of new satellite total surface current velocities are being generated from a high-resolution nature run. The assimilation of these observations will be tested in the Met Offi ce FOAM and the Mercator Ocean forecasting systems

ComE/ComE similar to P interplay dictates activation or extinction status of pneumococcal X-state (competence)

Since 1996, induction of competence for genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae is known to be controlled by the ComD/ComE two-component regulatory system. The mechanism of induction is generally described as involving ComD autophosphorylation, transphosphorylation of ComE and transcriptional activation by ComE similar to P of the early competence (com) genes, including comX which encodes the competence-specific sigma(X). However, none of these features has been experimentally established. Here we document the autokinase activity of ComD proteins in vitro, and provide an estimate of the stoichiometry of ComD and ComE in vivo. We report that a phosphorylmimetic mutant, ComE(D58E), constructed because of the failure to detect transphosphorylation of purified ComE in vitro, displays full spontaneous competence in Delta comD cells, an that in vitro ComE(D58E) exhibits significantly improved binding affinity for P-comCDE. We also provide evidence for a differential transcriptional activation and repression of P-comCDE and P-comX. Altogether, these data support the model of ComE similar to P-dependent activation of transcription. Finally, we establish that ComE antagonizes expression of the early com genes and propose that the rapid deceleration of transcription from P-comCDE observed even in cells lacking sigma(X) is due to the progressive accumulation of ComE, which outcompetes ComE similar to P