Analyse de l'évapotranspiration et du bilan d'énergie de surface d'une forêt boréale humide aux échelles locales et régionales

La forêt boréale recouvre 30% de la surface du Canada et 14% de la surface émergée de la terre. Les changements climatiques vont fortement l’affecter, et ces écosystèmes vont significativement impacter la climatologie et l’hydrologie mondiale avec des échanges importants d’eau, d’énergie et de carbone entre le sol et l’atmosphère. Il est maintenant crucial de bien comprendre le bilan d’énergie de surface sur ce biome pour efficacement prévoir son comportement et son évolution dans un climat changeant. Beaucoup d’études ont analysé le bilan d’énergie de la forêt boréale, mais des lacunes importantes subsistent : il y a peu d’études en terrain non plat, ou dans des zones recevant d’importantes précipitations, ou encore avec des mesures à des échelles spatiales variées, et encore moins des combinaisons de ces trois possibilités. Le principal but de cette thèse est d’attaquer ces lacunes de front en offrant l’analyse du bilan d’énergie et de l’évapotranspiration d’une forêt boréale humide couvrant une topographie prononcée, et ce à plusieurs échelles spatiales (point : ~m²; locale : ~ha; régionale : ~km²). Les résultats sont principalement basés sur une campagne de mesures ayant cours à la forêt Montmorency de l’Université Laval, à 80 km au nord de Québec, Canada. La forêt est une sapinière à bouleau blanc avec des arbres à divers degrés de maturité. Là, deux tours à flux mesurant tous les termes du bilan d’énergie sont installés depuis l’automne 2015. Trois objectifs spécifiques sont associés à trois échelles spatiales de mesure ou de modélisation dans un gradient allant de l’échelle ponctuelle vers l’échelle régionale. Dans un premier objectif, l’hétérogénéité spatiale du couvert forestier est caractérisée par des mesures de rayonnement solaire sous-canopée. Ensuite, l’évaluation de la densité de végétation permet de paramétrer un schéma de surface pour obtenir la variabilité de l’évapotranspiration et de ses composantes. Les résultats montrent que même si la transmission du rayonnement est très variable de point en point (entre 7% et 69% sur toute la saison), une moyenne spatiale à l’échelle locale représente bien la zone. Les résultats de modélisation indiquent qu’une forêt plus dense cause légèrement plus d’évapotranspiration totale, car elle évapore plus de précipitations interceptées et transpire plus. Une forêt plus dense évapore toutefois moins d’eau au sol, ce qui peut mener à une humidité du sol accrue dans des conditions de sécheresse momentanée.Dans le deuxième objectif, l’impact de fortes précipitations sur le bilan d’énergie à l’échelle locale et l’évapotranspiration en forêt boréale est évalué. Pour ce faire, le site principal de la forêt Montmorency est d’abord comparé avec 13 sites en forêt boréale dans le monde sur la base du bilan d’énergie et de l’évapotranspiration. La forêt Montmorency est le site qui reçoit le plus de précipitations avec ~1600 mm a⁻¹. Pour tous les sites, la précipitation reçue est liée à l’évapotranspiration annuelle, et c’est aussi le site principal qui a la plus forte évapotranspiration, avec ~550 mm a⁻¹. Grâce à des mesures précises des débits sortants du bassin versant de 3.5 km² contenant les sites de mesure, le bilan hydrique est clairement établi : l’eau excédentaire provenant des précipitations est principalement évacuée par des débits sortants dans les cours d’eau du bassin versant, à une hauteur de ~1050 mm a⁻¹. Pour le troisième objectif, la méthode de la scintillométrie à deux longueurs d’onde est testée sur le site d’étude et ses mesures du bilan d’énergie à l’échelle régionale sont comparées à celles à l’échelle locale. Les scintillomètres sont installés à travers une vallée où est également présente une des deux tours à flux. Les faisceaux électromagnétiques parcourent 1347 m à une hauteur variant entre 5 et 100 m et une hauteur efficace de 88 m. Les résultats montrent que les deux montages expérimentaux ont une faible concordance au niveau des paramètres de structure météorologiques, mais une concordance plus qu’acceptable au niveau des flux turbulents. Pour ces derniers, la corrélation entre les scintillomètres et la tour à flux est optimale lorsque les faisceaux électromagnétiques sont entièrement inclus dans la couche de surface atmosphérique. Cependant, comme la hauteur des faisceaux est hautement variable, ceux-ci se retrouvent la plupart du temps en partie dans la couche de surface atmosphérique, ce qui mène à une corrélation tout de même acceptable dans ces circonstances. Néanmoins, les mesures des scintillomètres sont souvent de qualité douteuse lors des périodes nocturnes et lorsque l’atmosphère est stable. En bref, la forêt boréale étudiée exhibe un bilan d’énergie et une évapotranspiration significativement différents d’autres sites dans des biomes semblables recensés dans la littérature. Cette thèse apporte des précisions importantes sur ce type d’environnement. De plus, la thèse offre des outils méthodologiques rigoureux pour évaluer le bilan d’énergie à diverses échelles spatiales et élabore sur le passage entre ces échelles, une contribution à ne pas négliger pour les modélisateurs hydrologiques et du climat au Canada et dans le monde.For the third objective, the two-wavelength scintillometry method is evaluated at the study site and its regional energy balance measurements are compared to those at the local scale. The scintillometers are installed across a valley where one of the two flux towers is localized. The scintillometers’ electromagnetic beams travel 1347 m at a height varying between 5 and 100 m and an effective height of 88 m. The results show that the two experimental systems have a low agreement in terms of the meteorological structure parameters, but a more than acceptable agreement for the turbulent fluxes. For the latter, the correlation between scintillometers and flux tower is optimal when the electromagnetic beams are entirely included in the atmospheric surface layer. However, since the beam height is highly variable, they are more often than not partially present in the atmospheric surface layer anyway, which leads to a correlation that is still acceptable in these circumstances. However, measurements of scintillometers are often unrealistic during nocturnal periods and when the atmosphere is stable. In short, the studied boreal forest exhibits an energy balance and evapotranspiration significantly different from other sites in similar biomes referenced in the literature. This thesis provides important details on this type of environment. In addition, the thesis offers rigorous methodological tools to assess the energy balance at various spatial scales and elaborates on the possibility of upscaling and/or downscaling results, a contribution not to be overlooked for hydrological and climate modelers in Canada and around the world.The boreal forest covers 30% of Canada's surface and 14% of the earth's land surface. Climate change will severely affect it, and these ecosystems will in turn impact climate and global hydrology with significant exchanges of water, energy and carbon between the soil and the atmosphere. It is now crucial to understand the surface energy balance of this biome to effectively predict its behavior and evolution in a changing climate. Many studies have analyzed the energy balance of the boreal forest, but significant gaps remain: there are little studies in non-flat terrain, or in areas receiving significant rainfall, or with measurements at various spatial scales, let alone combinations of these three possibilities. The main aim of this thesis is to fill these gaps with a rigorous analysis of the energy balance and evapotranspiration of a boreal forest covering a pronounced topography, and this at several spatial scales (point: ~m², local: ~ha, regional: ~km²). The results are mainly based on a measurement campaign taking place at the Montmorency Forest of Université Laval, 80 km north of Québec, Canada. The forest is a balsam fir – white birch forest with trees of varying degrees of maturity. There, two flux towers are measuring all the energy balance terms since autumn 2015. Three specific objectives are associated with three spatial scales of measurement or modeling in a gradient from the point scale to the regional scale. In a first objective, the spatial heterogeneity of the forest cover is characterized by sub-canopy solar radiation measurements. Then, the vegetation density evaluation makes it possible to parameterize a land-surface scheme to obtain the variability of the evapotranspiration and its components. The results show that even though the transmission of radiation is highly variable from point to point (seasonal average between 7% and 69%), a spatial average at the local scale represents the area quite well. Modeling results indicate that a denser forest causes slightly more total evapotranspiration because it evaporates more intercepted precipitation and generates more transpiration. A denser forest, however, evaporates less water on the ground, which can lead to increased soil moisture under conditions of momentary drought. In the second objective, the impact of heavy rainfall on the local energy balance and evapotranspiration in the boreal forest is evaluated. To do this, the main site of Montmorency Forest is first compared with 13 boreal forest sites around the world on the basis of energy balance and evapotranspiration. The Montmorency Forest is the site receiving the most rainfall with ~1600 mm y⁻¹. For all sites, the precipitation received is positively related to annual evapotranspiration, which means the main site has the highest evapotranspiration rates, with ~550 mm y⁻¹. With accurate measurements of the outflow from the 3.5 km² watershed containing the Montmorency Forest measurement sites, the water balance is clearly established: excess water from precipitation is mainly discharged through outflows of the watershed, to an extent of ~1050 mm y⁻¹

Applicability of the bulk-transfer approach to estimate evapotranspiration from boreal peatlands

In northern landscapes, peatlands are widespread and their hydrological processes are complex. Furthermore, they are typically remote, limiting the amount and accuracy of in situ measurements. This is especially the case for evapotranspiration ET, which strongly influences watershed hydrology. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the validity of the bulk-transfer approach to estimate ET over boreal peatlands. The simplicity of the model relies on four assumptions: (i) near-neutral atmospheric conditions; (ii) wet surface; (iii) constant momentum roughness length depending on vegetation height; and (iv) constant water vapor roughness length, with the last two assumptions implying a constant water vapor transfer coefficient CE. Using eddy covariance data from three Canadian peatlands—Necopastic (James Bay, Québec), Mer Bleue (Ottawa, Ontario), and Western Peatland (Athabasca, Alberta)—this paper shows that these sites are characterized by frequent occurrences of near-neutral atmospheric conditions, especially the Necopastic site, with nearly 76% of the 30-min data segments occurring under near-neutral stratification. The analysis suggests these near-neutral conditions occur as a result of strong mechanical turbulence and weak buoyancy effects. The bulk-transfer approach gives promising results for 30-min and daily ET in terms of mean error and correlation, with performances similar to the Penman equation, without requiring net radiation data. The accuracy of the approach is likely related to the number of near-neutral periods and the elevated position of the water table, which backs up the wet surface assumption

Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of human IgG directed against the repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

BACKGROUND: Several pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antigen of Plasmodium falciparum are in clinical development. Vaccine immunogenicity is commonly evaluated by the determination of anti-CSP antibody levels using IgG-based assays, but no standard assay is available to allow comparison of the different vaccines. METHODS: The validation of an anti-CSP repeat region enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described. This assay is based on the binding of serum antibodies to R32LR, a recombinant protein composed of the repeat region of P. falciparum CSP. In addition to the original recombinant R32LR, an easy to purify recombinant His-tagged R32LR protein has been constructed to be used as solid phase antigen in the assay. Also, hybridoma cell lines have been generated producing human anti-R32LR monoclonal antibodies to be used as a potential inexhaustible source of anti-CSP repeats standard, instead of a reference serum. RESULTS: The anti-CSP repeats ELISA was shown to be robust, specific and linear within the analytical range, and adequately fulfilled all validation criteria as defined in the ICH guidelines. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation for repeatability and intermediate precision did not exceed 23%. Non-interference was demonstrated for R32LR-binding sera, and the assay was shown to be stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: This ELISA, specific for antibodies directed against the CSP repeat region, can be used as a standard assay for the determination of humoral immunogenicity in the development of any CSP-based P. falciparum malaria vaccine

Impacts of high precipitation on the energy and water budgets of a humid boreal forest

The boreal forest will be strongly affected by climate change and in turn, these vast ecosystems may significantly impact global climatology and hydrology due to their exchanges of carbon and water with the atmosphere. It is now crucial to understand the intricate relationships between precipitation and evapotranspiration in these environments, particularly in less-studied locations characterized by a cold and humid climate. This study presents state-of-the-art measurements of energy and water budgets components over three years (2016–2018) at the Montmorency Forest, Québec, Canada: a balsam fir boreal forest that receives ∼1600 mm of precipitation annually (continental subarctic climate; Köppen classification subtype Dfc). Precipitation, evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration at the site are compared with observations from thirteen experimental sites around the world. These intercomparison sites (89 study-years) encompass various types of climate and vegetation (black spruces, jack pines, etc.) encountered in boreal forests worldwide. The Montmorency Forest stands out by receiving the largest amount of precipitation. Across all sites, water availability seems to be the principal evapotranspiration constraint, as precipitation tends to be more influential than potential evapotranspiration and other factors. This leads to the Montmorency Forest generating the largest amount of evapotranspiration, on average ∼550 mm y−1. This value appears to be an ecosystem maximum for evapotranspiration, which may be explained either by a physiological limit or a limited energy availability due to the presence of cloud cover. The Montmorency Forest water budget evacuates the precipitation excess mostly by watershed discharges, at an average rate of ∼1050 mm y−1, with peaks during the spring freshet. This behaviour, typical of mountainous headwater basins, necessarily influence downstream hydrological regimes to a large extent. This study provides a much needed insight in the hydrological regimes of a humid boreal-forested mountainous watershed, a type of basin rarely studied with precise energy and water budgets before

Reduced anticoagulation targets in extracorporeal life support (RATE):study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundAlthough life-saving in selected patients, ECMO treatment still has high mortality which for a large part is due to treatment-related complications. A feared complication is ischemic stroke for which heparin is routinely administered for which the dosage is usually guided by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).However, there is no relation between aPTT and the rare occurrence of ischemic stroke (1.2%), but there is a relation with the much more frequent occurrence of bleeding complications (55%) and blood transfusion. Both are strongly related to outcome.MethodsWe will conduct a three-arm non-inferiority randomized controlled trial, in adult patients treated with ECMO. Participants will be randomized between heparin administration with a target of 2–2.5 times baseline aPTT, 1.5–2 times baseline aPTT, or low molecular weight heparin guided by weight and renal function. Apart from anticoagulation targets, treatment will be according to standard care. The primary outcome parameter is a combined endpoint consisting of major bleeding including hemorrhagic stroke, severe thromboembolic complications including ischemic stroke, and mortality at 6 months.DiscussionWe hypothesize that with lower anticoagulation targets or anticoagulation with LMWH during ECMO therapy, patients will have fewer hemorrhagic complications without an increase in thromboembolic complication or a negative effect on their outcome. If our hypothesis is confirmed, this study could lead to a change in anticoagulation protocols and a better outcome for patients treated with ECMO.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04536272. Registered on 2 September 2020. Netherlands Trial Register NL796

The biophysical climate mitigation potential of boreal peatlands during the growing season

Peatlands and forests cover large areas of the boreal biome and are critical for global climate regulation. They also regulate regional climate through heat and water vapour exchange with the atmosphere. Understanding how land-atmosphere interactions in peatlands differ from forests may therefore be crucial for modelling boreal climate system dynamics and for assessing climate benefits of peatland conservation and restoration. To assess the biophysical impacts of peatlands and forests on peak growing season air temperature and humidity, we analysed surface energy fluxes and albedo from 35 peatlands and 37 evergreen needleleaf forests-the dominant boreal forest type-and simulated air temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) over hypothetical homogeneous peatland and forest landscapes. We ran an evapotranspiration model using land surface parameters derived from energy flux observations and coupled an analytical solution for the surface energy balance to an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) model. We found that peatlands, compared to forests, are characterized by higher growing season albedo, lower aerodynamic conductance, and higher surface conductance for an equivalent VPD. This combination of peatland surface properties results in a similar to 20% decrease in afternoon ABL height, a cooling (from 1.7 to 2.5 degrees C) in afternoon air temperatures, and a decrease in afternoon VPD (from 0.4 to 0.7 kPa) for peatland landscapes compared to forest landscapes. These biophysical climate impacts of peatlands are most pronounced at lower latitudes (similar to 45 degrees N) and decrease toward the northern limit of the boreal biome (similar to 70 degrees N). Thus, boreal peatlands have the potential to mitigate the effect of regional climate warming during the growing season. The biophysical climate mitigation potential of peatlands needs to be accounted for when projecting the future climate of the boreal biome, when assessing the climate benefits of conserving pristine boreal peatlands, and when restoring peatlands that have experienced peatland drainage and mining.Peer reviewe

A conformação dos ecomuseus: elementos para compreensão e análise

Apresenta uma história dos ecomuseus enraizado nos movimentos de folclore e etnografia regional, do final do século XIX até os dias de hoje, examinando o caso francês. Explora aspectos em geral menos enfatizados neste campo, tal como a natureza e o papel atribuído aos acervos e ao patrimônio cultural e padrões museográticos

EuReCa ONE—27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of the EuReCa ONE study was to determine the incidence, process, and outcome for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) throughout Europe.MethodsThis was an international, prospective, multi-centre one-month study. Patients who suffered an OHCA during October 2014 who were attended and/or treated by an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) were eligible for inclusion in the study. Data were extracted from national, regional or local registries.ResultsData on 10,682 confirmed OHCAs from 248 regions in 27 countries, covering an estimated population of 174 million. In 7146 (66%) cases, CPR was started by a bystander or by the EMS. The incidence of CPR attempts ranged from 19.0 to 104.0 per 100,000 population per year. 1735 had ROSC on arrival at hospital (25.2%), Overall, 662/6414 (10.3%) in all cases with CPR attempted survived for at least 30 days or to hospital discharge.ConclusionThe results of EuReCa ONE highlight that OHCA is still a major public health problem accounting for a substantial number of deaths in Europe.EuReCa ONE very clearly demonstrates marked differences in the processes for data collection and reported outcomes following OHCA all over Europe. Using these data and analyses, different countries, regions, systems, and concepts can benchmark themselves and may learn from each other to further improve survival following one of our major health care events