Thermal deterioration of the trans-/cis-ratio of bittering agents of commercial beers

Producción CientíficaThe use of reduced isomerised hop extracts to achieve both bitterness and light stability became very popular during the last decade. Changes during storage in four hop extracts and seven commercial lager beers are studied using HPLC and spectrophotometric techniques. The degradation of the iso-α-acids and tetrahydro iso-α-acids as a function of time is represented by the ratio, in percentage, of the sum of trans-isomer concentration to the sum of the cis-isomer concentration (T/C). The results provided conclusive evidence that the gradual decreased of bitterness intensity in beer was due to the degradation of iso-α-acids, notably to the instability of the trans-iso-α-acids. When the beers were stored for 14 days at 45◦C the decrease of the T/C average varied from 8.6 to 14.0%, except in lemon beer, in which case, T/C decreased 36.9%. The results allowed us to infer that in open storage and/or warm conditions the deterioration of beer was critical above 35◦C. On the other hand, the results showed that tetrahydro iso-α-acids remained unaltered

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methodology for the Analysis of Regular and Non-Alcoholic Lager Beers

Producción CientíficaThe presence of seven main agents responsible for beer aroma and taste (n-propanol, isobutanol, 3-methylbutanol, tyrosol/tyrosine, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and acetaldehyde) is determined by different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques (1H PRESAT, total correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear single quantum correlation, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation) in five regular and five low-alcoholic or alcohol-free beers. The new methodology includes the identification of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the analytes by a standard addition method and the consequent identification of the compounds studied in regular and non-alcoholic beers. The chemical composition is different depending on whether the beer is regular or non-alcoholic, therefore affecting the organoleptic characteristics of each type of beer.MINECO (CTQ2013-41067-P)Junta de Castilla y León (VA332A12-2

Pasado, presente y futuro de los estudios de turismo en la universidad española

La nueva Universidad Española (esa del Plan Bolonia) de la que llevamos hablando hace ya algunos años, es cada vez más realidad del presente y menos proyecto del futuro. En muy pocos meses, todos los planes de estudio actuales y, por tanto, también el que posibilita la obtención del Título de Diplomado en Turismo, dejarán paso a los nuevos Títulos de Grado. Por su parte, los postgrados son ya una realidad que viven a diario muchos alumnos de nuestras universidades. En este escenario de cambio real de enfoque, en el que habrá que diseñar forzosamente nuevas estrategias y tácticas para conseguir la formación adecuada de los graduados y postgraduados en turismo, los autores de este trabajo quieren ser fieles a las enseñanzas que recibieron en aquella universidad que ahora estamos dejando atrás; y, de esta forma, mirar al pasado y analizar el presente, como receta necesaria para diseñar una correcta estrategia de futuro. Es por ello que nos ha parecido interesante presentar en este trabajo cuál ha sido la evolución de los estudios de turismo en nuestro país. El recuerdo del pasado comenzará con los orígenes de estos estudios en las instituciones privadas, y el largo proceso que los llevó a estar incluidos en el catálogo de enseñanzas universitarias oficiales. Posteriormente analizaremos el presente de la Diplomatura en Turismo en la universidad española, y, por último, aportaremos todos aquellos indicios que poseemos, más o menos certeros, sobre ese nuevo horizonte que se abrirá de forma general, más allá de las lógicas avanzadillas, con los nuevos estudios de Grado, Máster y Doctorado en Turismo.The new Spanish University (referred to the Bologna Plan), which we have been speaking for a few years ago, is becoming more and more a reality and less a future project. In very few months, all current curriculums in the Spanish University and, therefore, that one which makes possible to obtain the degree of Bachelor in Tourism, it will give way the new degree. Meanwhile, postgraduates are now a reality that many students live daily from our universities. In this scenario of real change, in which would be necessary design new strategies and tactics to get the proper training of graduates and postgraduates in tourism, the authors of this paper want to be faithful in relation with the teachings they received at the university, and thus look at to the past and analyze the present look, like a neccesary prescription for drawing a correct strategy for the future. That is why we have been interested in presenting the evolution of studies of tourism in our country. The memory of the past will start with the origins of these studies in private institutions, and the long process that led them to be included in the list of official university educations. Later, we will analyze the present of the degree of Bachelor in Tourism in the Spanish University, and finally we will contribute with the whole evidence that we possess, more or less accurate, on this new horizon that will be opened in general with new degrees, Master and Doctorate in Tourism

To pay attention or not: the associations between attentional bias towards negative emotional information and anxiety, guilt feelings, and experiential avoidance in dementia family caregivers

Caring for a relative with dementia has been linked to negative consequences for caregivers’ psychological health, such as anxiety or guilt. Cognitive theories of psychopathology propose that attentional bias towards negative stimuli contribute to the development and maintenance of emotional disorders and clinical symptomatology. However, attentional bias has scarcely been explored in dementia family caregivers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between attentional bias and anxiety symptomatology, guilt feelings, and experiential avoidance in a sample of dementia family caregivers. Participants were 244 dementia family caregivers. Attentional bias was measured using a novel priming adaptation of the dot-probe task. The sample was divided into high and low anxiety symptomatology, guilt feelings, and experiential avoidance groups. The results revealed two opposite patterns of emotional information processing in dementia family caregivers. While anxiety was found to be associated with an attentional preference for negative information, experiential avoidance was related to attentional avoidance of this information. Although guilt was also related to an attentional preference for negative information, this relationship was no longer significant when controlling for anxiety levels. These inflexible attentional patterns may have negative clinical consequences, given that in both cases relevant information necessary for adaptive coping with the stressful situation of caregiving may be unattended to or omittedThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the grant PSI2015-65152-C2-2-R and PSI2015-65152-C2-1-

Experiencias docentes en la asignatura de Dirección Financiera impartida en inglés

En las líneas que siguen hemos querido reflejar sucintamente nuestra experiencia de tres cursos académicos en la enseñanza en lengua inglesa de la asignatura de Dirección Financiera (Financial Management). Sin renunciar al rigor expositivo, hemos optado por contar de forma directa las dificultades surgidas, las estrategias docentes adoptadas y también las oportunidades que pensamos ofrece la enseñanza en lengua inglesa. Más que las disquisiciones teóricas —valiosas sin duda—, lo que podemos ofrecer son vivencias reales que, junto con las de otros docentes, puedan servir para el análisis y el debate que conduzcan a la mejora de dicha enseñanza

El paisaje en el Conjunto Arqueológico Dólmenes de Antequera

La publicación aborda las implicaciones que tiene el Convenio Europeo del Paisaje para los monumentos megalíticos, en general, y para los dólmenes de Antequera, en particular. La reflexión comienza planteando dos conceptos generales relacionados con el mencionado convenio: carácter del paisaje y recurso paisajístico. A continuación se revisa la consideración de los monumentos megalíticos desde la perspectiva que proporcionan ambos conceptos. Finalmente, y siempre dentro de este marco de referencia, se hacen algunas apreciaciones sobre la dimensión paisajística de los dólmenes de Antequera, prestando especial atención a la alineación que forman el dolmen de Menga, el tholos de Romeral y la peña de los Enamorados.La publicación aborda las implicaciones que tiene el Convenio Europeo del Paisaje para los monumentos megalíticos, en general, y para los dólmenes de Antequera, en particular. La reflexión comienza planteando dos conceptos generales relacionados con el mencionado convenio: carácter del paisaje y recurso paisajístico. A continuación se revisa la consideración de los monumentos megalíticos desde la perspectiva que proporcionan ambos conceptos. Finalmente, y siempre dentro de este marco de referencia, se hacen algunas apreciaciones sobre la dimensión paisajística de los dólmenes de Antequera, prestando especial atención a la alineación que forman el dolmen de Menga, el tholos de Romeral y la peña de los Enamorados

A hotspot mutation targeting the R-RAS2 GTPase acts as a potent oncogenic driver in a wide spectrum of tumors

A missense change in RRAS2 (Gln to Leu), analogous to the Gln-to-Leu mutation of RAS oncoproteins, has been identified as a long-tail hotspot mutation in cancer and Noonan syndrome. However, the relevance of this mutation for in vivo tumorigenesis remains understudied. Here we show, using an inducible knockin mouse model, that R-Ras2 triggers rapid development of a wide spectrum of tumors when somatically expressed in adult tissues. These tumors show limited overlap with those originated by classical Ras oncogenes. R-Ras2-driven tumors can be classified into different subtypes according to therapeutic susceptibility. Importantly, the most relevant R-Ras2-driven tumors are dependent on mTORC1 but independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-, MEK-, and Ral guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociation stimulator. This pharmacological vulnerability is due to the extensive rewiring by R-Ras2 of pathways that orthogonally stimulate mTORC1 signaling. These findings demonstrate that RRAS2 is a bona fide oncogenic driver and unveil therapeutic strategies for patients with cancer and Noonan syndrome bearing RRAS2 mutations.We thank M. Blázquez and the personnel of the CIC Flow Cytometry, Microscopy, Pathology, and Genomics Units for expert technical work. X.R.B.’s project leading to these results has received funding from the Spanish Association against Cancer (GC16173472GARC), the Castilla-León government (CSI252P18, CSI145P20, and CLC-2017-01), the RTI2018-096481-B-100 grant cofounded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Research Development Fund “A way of making Europe” of the European Union, and “la Caixa” Banking Foundation (HR20-00164). X.R.B.’s institution is supported by the Programa de Apoyo a Planes Estratégicos de Investigación de Estructuras de Investigación de Excelencia of the Castilla-León government (CLC-2017-01). J.R.-V. received funding from the Carlos III Health Institute (PI20/01724). J.R.-V.’s contract is supported by a senior postdoctoral contract of the Spanish Association against Cancer. L.C.’s contract was supported by contracts from the Spanish Association against Cancer and the CLC-2017-01 grant. L.F.L.-M.’s contract was mostly supported by funding from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU13/02923) and, subsequently, by the CLC-2017-01 grant. R.C. was supported by a predoctoral contract from the MSI (BES-2016-0077909) and the CLC-2017-01 grant

Lens capsule HSPG-Perlecan regulates lens fibre differentiation during chick embryo development

Producción CientíficaLens fibre differentiation is a life-long process related with lens transparency, and is particularly intense during development, being related with an FGF-2 antero-posterior gradient at the equator level as the main growth factor involved which has been related with the basal membrane of the lens anlagen known as “Lens capsule”. However the lens fibre differentiation induced by FGF2 depends, as in other biological systems, on the local bioavailability of FGF-2 regulated by their relationship with extracellular matrix molecules as Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans. Here, we try to clarify how Perlecan (a heparan sulphate proteoglycan specific from basement membranes) is involved in lens fibre differentiation at earliest stages of eye development. Our results show that Perlecan, is a major component in the lens capsule during the earliest stages of lens development in chick embryos being present during lens plate induction, lens vesicle stage and the onset of lens fibre differentiation. In order to demonstrate a direct involvement of HSPG-Perlecan in lens fibre differentiation, we generate depleted lenses by HSPG-Perlecan synthesis disruption and specific enzymatic digestion. The HSPG-Perlecan depleted lens show a significant delay or abolition in the lens fibre differentiation which remains in an immature cells displaying DNA synthesis in the posterior epithelium and a decrease in FGF2 lens expression. These data support the hypothesis that lens capsule HSPG-Perlecan is a key molecule involved in lens fibre differentiation during development, probably by involvement in FGF-2 biodisponibility.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Grant BFU207/6516)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant PIO20961)Junta de Castilla y León (Grants VA21A07, VA049/04, SAN673/VA15/08

ICT platform for support AC circuits study

[EN] The software used for making educational tools allows analyze the engineering phenomena in a more complete and explained way, by means of simulation and experimentation. It is necessary to know the equations about the behaviour of the object under study for the generation of these tools, and to solve them through the right software, obtaining the output values from the input values. With this software it is possible to realize new studies only modifying the parameters of the model or the input values. In this work the alternating current electric circuits are analyzed. Joined with the simulation, this technology also allows the experimentation through the development of practices by WEB that can be done with remote access. These tools can be used both for teaching in the classroom and laboratories. and for doing exercises and in their own study time of the students[ES] La utilización de software para la elaboración de herramientas didácticas permite, mediante simulación y experimentación, analizar los fenómenos de Ingeniería de una forma más completa e ilustrativa. Para la generación de estas herramientas será necesario conocer las ecuaciones que rigen el comportamiento del fenómeno objeto de estudio, y resolverlas mediante el software adecuado, obteniendo las variables de salida a partir de las variables de entrada. Con el software es posible realizar nuevos estudios modificando los parámetros del modelo o las variables de entrada. En este trabajo se analizan los Circuitos Eléctricos de Corriente Alterna. Junto a la simulación, la tecnología permite también la experimentación, mediante el desarrollo de prácticas vía WEB que pueden ser realizadas con acceso remoto. Estas herramientas pueden ser usadas tanto en la impartición de la docencia en aula y laboratorio, como para la elaboración de problemas y en el propio tiempo de estudio del alumno.San Martín Ojeda, ML.; Parra Gonzalo, EP.; Blanco Caballero, M.; Sánchez Lite, A.; Serrano Sanz, JA.; Jiménez Gómez, MI.; García García, M. (2014). Plataforma TIC de apoyo al estudio de circuitos eléctricos de corriente alterna. Modelling in Science Education and Learning. 7:123-130. doi:10.4995/msel.2014.2127SWORD123130