Marginal People in Deviant Places

Marginal People in Deviant Places revisits early- to mid-twentieth-century ethnographic studies, arguing that their focus on marginal subcultures—ranging from American hobos, to men who have sex with other men in St. Louis bathrooms, to hippies, to taxi dancers in Chicago, to elderly Jews in Venice, California—helped produce new ways of thinking about social difference more broadly in the United States. Irvine demonstrates how the social scientists who told the stories of these marginalized groups represented an early challenge to then-dominant narratives of scientific racism, prefiguring the academic fields of gender, ethnic, sexuality, and queer studies in key ways. In recounting the social histories of certain American outsiders, Irvine identifies an American paradox by which social differences are both despised and desired, and she describes the rise of an outsider capitalism that integrates difference into American society by marketing it

Susceptibility of hamsters to clostridium difficile isolates of differing toxinotype

Clostridium difficile is the most commonly associated cause of antibiotic associated disease (AAD), which caused ~21,000 cases of AAD in 2011 in the U.K. alone. The golden Syrian hamster model of CDI is an acute model displaying many of the clinical features of C. difficile disease. Using this model we characterised three clinical strains of C. difficile, all differing in toxinotype; CD1342 (PaLoc negative), M68 (toxinotype VIII) and BI-7 (toxinotype III). The naturally occurring non-toxic strain colonised all hamsters within 1-day post challenge (d.p.c.) with high-levels of spores being shed in the faeces of animals that appeared well throughout the entire experiment. However, some changes including increased neutrophil influx and unclotted red blood cells were observed at early time points despite the fact that the known C. difficile toxins (TcdA, TcdB and CDT) are absent from the genome. In contrast, hamsters challenged with strain M68 resulted in a 45% mortality rate, with those that survived challenge remaining highly colonised. It is currently unclear why some hamsters survive infection, as bacterial and toxin levels and histology scores were similar to those culled at a similar time-point. Hamsters challenged with strain BI-7 resulted in a rapid fatal infection in 100% of the hamsters approximately 26 hr post challenge. Severe caecal pathology, including transmural neutrophil infiltrates and extensive submucosal damage correlated with high levels of toxin measured in gut filtrates ex vivo. These data describes the infection kinetics and disease outcomes of 3 clinical C. difficile isolates differing in toxin carriage and provides additional insights to the role of each toxin in disease progression

A Conserved CXXC Motif in CD3ε Is Critical for T Cell Development and TCR Signaling

Structural integrity of the extracellular membrane-proximal stalk region of CD3ε is required for efficient signaling by the T cell antigen receptor complex. The results in this article suggest that receptor aggregation may not be sufficient for a complete T cell receptor signal and that some type of direct allosteric signal may be involved

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Sexual cultures and the construction of adolescent identities /

Includes bibliographical references

Marginal People in Deviant Places

Marginal People in Deviant Places revisits early- to mid-twentieth-century ethnographic studies, arguing that their focus on marginal subcultures—ranging from American hobos, to men who have sex with other men in St. Louis bathrooms, to hippies, to taxi dancers in Chicago, to elderly Jews in Venice, California—helped produce new ways of thinking about social difference more broadly in the United States. Irvine demonstrates how the social scientists who told the stories of these marginalized groups represented an early challenge to then-dominant narratives of scientific racism, prefiguring the academic fields of gender, ethnic, sexuality, and queer studies in key ways. In recounting the social histories of certain American outsiders, Irvine identifies an American paradox by which social differences are both despised and desired, and she describes the rise of an outsider capitalism that integrates difference into American society by marketing it

Paixões Reguladas: a invenção da inibição do desejo sexual e da adicção sexual

A partir de um olhar sociológico, o artigo trata da emergência das categorias de inibição do desejo sexual (IDS) e da adicção sexual no campo da sexologia norte-americana. O texto busca explicartal emergência a partir da triangulação de imperativos e saberes médicos articulados a demandas e experiências individuais e ansiedades culturais. Além disso, nele se explora a constituição histórico-sócio-política do campo sexológico e médico neste contexto, bem como suas diferenças, mudanças, mediadores culturais, ambivalências e contenciosos

Psychometric Evaluation of a Self-Medication Assessment Tool in an Elderly Population

ABSTRACTBackground: Most community-dwelling older adults are engaged in medication self-management activities. Deviation in these activities can lead to adverse outcomes for patients and an increased burden on the health care system. Successful medication self-management involves a complex interaction among cognitive, functional, and psychosocial variables. Several assessment instruments have been developed, but there remains a need for an effective and comprehensive tool.Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties (inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, and validity), as well as the usability, of the Self-Medication Assessment Tool (SMAT), an instrument designed to measure elderly patients' ability to manage their medications.Methods: The study enrolled patients 65 years of age or older who were living independently and were admitted to family medicine beds in a community hospital in eastern Canada. Three subsamples of the population were identified. The inter-rater reliability group was videotaped and scored independently by 2 pharmacists. The test-retest reliability group was tested with the SMAT and was retested with the same tool a week later. The usability group was interviewed after using the SMAT to determine their satisfaction. Standard neuropsychological measures (Cognitive Competency Test, clock-drawing test, and Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE]) were used to determine convergent and divergent validity. Pill counts, refill rates, and use of adherence aids or reminders before study enrolment were used as measures of concurrent validity.Results: A total of 121 patients (mean age 81.5 years) were enrolled. The scales of the SMAT were determined to have good internal consistency and high inter-rater and test-retest reliability. Convergent validity was evidenced by the high positive correlation between the functional scale of the SMAT and the results of the clock-drawing and Cognitive Competency tests (p < 0.01) and between the cognitive and recall scales of the SMAT and the results of the clock-drawing test (p < 0.05), the MMSE (p < 0.01), and the Cognitive Competency Test (p < 0.01). Patients reported being highly satisfied with their experience.Conclusion: The SMAT is a practical, reliable, comprehensive instrument with demonstrated convergent validity, strong patient acceptability, and various internally consistent scales that assess multiple dimensions of elderly patients' ability to self-manage their medications. Further testing is required to show that the SMAT correlates with medication adherence.RÉSUMÉContexte : La plupart des adultes âgés vivant dans la communauté gèrent eux-mêmes les activités liées à la prise de leurs médicaments. Tout changement dans ces activités peut entraîner des résultats indésirables pour les patients et un fardeau supplémentaire pour le système de santé. La réussite de l'autogestion des médicaments fait appel à une interaction complexe entre diverses variables cognitives, fonctionnelles et psychosociales. Aucun des nombreux outils mis au point pour évaluer le degré de réussite de l'autogestion des médicaments chez ces personnes ne s'est encore révélé efficace ni complet.Objectif : Évaluer les propriétés psychométriques (la fidélité interévaluateurs, la constance et la validité) ainsi que la convivialité de l'outil d'évaluation de l'automédication (OEAM), conçu pour mesurer la capacité des patients âgés à autogérer la prise de leurs médicaments.Méthodes : On a mené une étude chez des patients âgés d'au moins 65 ans vivant de façon autonome qui ont été hospitalisés dans une unité de médecine familiale d'un hôpital communautaire de l'Est du Canada. Trois sous-échantillons de la population à l'étude ont été déterminés. Le groupe fidélité interévaluateurs a été filmé puis évalué indépendamment par deux pharmaciens. Le groupe constance a fait l'objet d'une première évaluation au moyen de l'OEAM, puis d'une deuxième évaluation avec ce même outil après une semaine. Pour mesurer la satisfaction des patients, le groupe convivialité a été interviewé après l'évaluation au moyen de l'OEAM. Des mesures neuropsychologiques standards (test d'évaluation cognitive, test de l'horloge et le mini-examen de l'état mental [MEEM]) ont été utilisées pour déterminer la validité convergente et divergente. Le comptage des comprimés, le taux de renouvellement des ordonnances et l'emploi d'outils d'aide à l'observance ou de mémentos avant l'inscription à l'étude ont été utilisés pour mesurer la validité concourante.Résultats : Un total de 121 patients (âge moyen de 81,5 ans) ont été inscrits à l'étude. Les échelles de l'OEAM ont montré une bonne cohérence interne ainsi qu'une fidélité interévaluateurs et une constance élevées. La validité convergente a été attestée par une forte corrélation positive entre l'échelle fonctionnelle de l'OEAM et les résultats du test de l'horloge et du test d'évaluation cognitive (p < 0,01) et entre les échelles cognitives et d'évocation de l'OEAM et les résultats du test de l'horloge (p < 0,05), du MEEM (p < 0,01) et du test d'évaluation cognitive (p < 0,01). Les patients ont déclaré être très satisfaits de leur expérience.Conclusion : L'OEAM est un outil pratique, fiable et complet avec une validité convergente démontrée, une forte acceptabilité par les patients et diverses échelles dotées de cohérence interne évaluant des aspects multiples de la capacité des patients âgés à autogérer leurs médicaments. D'autres évaluations sont cependant nécessaires pour démontrer la corrélation entre l'OEAM et l'observance thérapeutique