Gerviliðsaðgerðir á mjöðm

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenAlgengasta orsök þess að settur er gerviliður í mjöðm er vegna slitgigtar, þó kemur fyrir að settur er gerviliður vegna annarra sjúkdóma svo sem liðagigtar eða vegna afleiðinga brota. Mjaðmarslitgigt er algengur sjúkdómur á Íslandi sem og í öðrum vestrænum löndum. Tíðni eykst með aldri og er talið að tíundi hver Íslendingur sem er 70 ára eða eldri hafi slitgigt. Orsakir þessa sjúkdóms eru óþekktar en þó er vitað að erfðir eiga stóran þátt í þróun sjúkdómsins, en atvinna og álag á liðinn svo og umhverfisþættir skipta máli. Þegar liðurinn slitnar, springur brjóskið sem klæðir liðinn að innan og molnar. Við það eyðist brjóskið og liðurinn aflagast. Fyrstu einkennin sem fólk finnur fyrir eru stirðleiki og verkur í nára sem oft leiðir fram lærið, niður í hné eða aftur í rasskinn. Fólk verður vart við það að það á erfitt með að klæða sig í skó og sokka. Eftir því sem brjóskið eyðist stirðnar liðurinn og verkir aukast og breytast. Í byrjun sjúkdómsins eru verkir oft verstir fyrst á morgnana en lagast þegar fólk gengur nokkur skref. Síðan aukast verkirnir við alla hreyfingu og loks fær fólk mikil óþægindi í hvíld svo sem á nóttunni og missir svefn vegna þessa. Í dag eru engin lyf þekkt sem hafa áhrif á gang sjúkdómsins, en þau lyf sem gefin eru slá á verki og óþægindi. Fyrsta meðferð við sjúkdómnum eru æfingar, verkjalyf og bólgueyðandi lyf. Smám saman getur dregið úr hreyfifærni og þrátt fyrir hjálpartæki á fólk erfitt með að bera sig um. Þegar lyfjameðferð dugar ekki lengur til að halda sjúkdómseinkennum niðri og sjúkdómurinn hefur orðið mikil áhrif á lífsgæði fólks er yfirleitt valið að gera gerviliðsaðgerð

Spelrätt

Hur ska avtal om spel egentligen tolkas? Från rättsregeln att överenskommelsersom grundas på spel och vadslagning inte är bindande finns det viktiga undantaget, att sådana avtal är bindande om staten givit tillstånd till att bedriva verksamheten. Avtalsrättsliga och allmänna obligationsrättsliga regler ska därför i huvudsak gällas om vanligt, men i rättsvetenskapen framhålls ändå att rättsverkningarna av överenskommelserna måste styras av att det är fråga om spel och vadslagning. I bidraget undersöks hur de civilrättsliga reglerna tillämpas på avtal om spel och vadslagning.Texten finns fritt tillgänglig på Lotteriinspektionens hemsida: http://www.lotteriinspektionen.se/sv/Om-oss/Broschyrer/Skriftserien/</p

Connecting and Disconnecting: How Digital Nomads Manage Work in Absence of a Workplace

This paper examines how connectivity is accomplished in absence of a workplace. Connectivity is a theoretical framework to analyze how people connect and disconnect with each other through technologies. Digital nomads travel while they work, an example of workers who do not belong to a workplace or an organization. This absence of a workplace will affect how they connect and disconnect both within their work and outside work. An interview study with a grounded theory-based analysis found six themes that describe how the digital nomads interviewed connect and disconnect: first to and from a place, second to and from a place, and third two themes on how these patterns are reinforced. This is mobilized by a sociomaterial assemblage encompassed of more than just individuals communicating through technology. Previous research has focused on this, instead of focusing on the situatedness of connectivity. This contributes to research on connecting and disconnecting in connectivity and to research on digital nomads as part of a socio technical system

Comparison between bulls of dairy breed and dairy x beef breed : consumption, growth, feed efficiency and carcass traits

Eftersom nötköttsproduktionen är nära integrerat med mjölkproduktionen har köttrasinsemination blivit ett sätt för lantbrukare att få ett ökat värde vid slakt för ungnöt som ej används till rekrytering. Nötkreatur av köttras har högre tillväxtkapacitet, ett högre slaktutbyte och har en slaktkropp med mer muskler än nötkreatur av mjölkras. Slakttidpunkten påverkar slaktad vikt och klassningen av slaktkroppen. Slakt vid fel tidpunkt kan innebära en ekonomisk förlust för lantbrukaren eftersom slaktkroppsklassificeringen som utförs av slakterierna används som underlag för betalningen. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att jämföra mjölkrastjurar med mjölkras x köttrastjurar med avseende på konsumtion, tillväxt, fodereffektivitet och slaktkroppsegenskaper. Studier visade att foderkonsumtionen skilde sig inte signifikant mellan mjölkrastjurar ock köttras x mjölkrastjurar. Däremot påvisades att tillväxt, slaktkroppstillväxt, slaktutbyte, fettklass och formklass var signifikant högre hos tjurar av köttraskorsning än hos mjölkrastjurar. Trots förbättrad tillväxt hos köttraskorsningar vid lika konsumtion kunde det inte påvisas några signifikanta skillnader i fodereffektivitet mellan mjölkrastjurar och mjölkras x köttrastjurar. På grund av de förbättrade parametrarna kan tjurar av mjölk x köttraskorsning jämfört med tjurar av mjölkras ge möjlighet till en förbättrad lönsamhet för lantbrukaren.Since beef production is closely integrated with dairy production, beef breed insemination has become a way for the farmer to obtain an increased value at slaughter for animals not used for recruitment. Beef cattle have higher growth capacity, higher dressing percentage and a carcass with a higher proportion of muscle than dairy cattle. Time for slaughter affects carcass weight and carcass classification. Slaughter at the wrong time can mean a financial loss for the farmer as carcass classification, which is performed by personnel at the abattoir, affects the payment to the farmer. The aim of this literature review was to compare dairy bulls with dairy x beef bulls in terms of consumption, average daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. Studies showed that feed consumption did not differ significantly between bulls of dairy breed and bulls of beef x dairy breed. However, it was shown that average daily gain, daily carcass gain, dressing percentage, fatness and conformation were significantly higher in cross-bred bulls than in bulls of dairy breed. Despite the improved average daily gain of beef x dairy breeds at similar consumption, no significant differences in feed efficiency between dairy breed and dairy x beef breed were obtained. Due to the improved parameters, production systems with bulls of beef x dairy breeds compared to bulls of dairy breeds can potentially improve the profitability for the farmer

Towards a Digital Epistemology

This Open Access book explores the concept of digital epistemology. In this context, the digital will not be understood as merely something that is linked to specific tools and objects, but rather as different modes of thought. For example, the digital within the humanities is not just databases and big data, topic modelling and speculative visualizations; nor are the objects limited to computer games, other electronic works, or to literature and art that explicitly relate to computerization or other digital aspects. In what way do digital tools and expressions in the 1960s differ to the ubiquitous systems of our time? What kind of artistic effects does this generate? Is the present theoretical fascination for materiality an effect or a reaction to a digitization? Above all: how can early modern forms such as the cabinets of curiosity, emblem books and the archival principle of pertinence contribute to the analyses of contemporary digital forms

Echocardiographic assessment of ventricular size and function in heart transplant patients

AbstractThe overall aims of this thesis were to use echocardiography to non-invasively, delineate early structural andfunctional changes following orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT), and to define reference values in the contextof gender and bridging with mechanical circulatory support.Several factors might affect myocardial function in OHT patients rendering the use of normal values fortransthoracic echocardiography derived from healthy subjects unsatisfactory. Recent echocardiographic referencevalues have been specified by gender but the disparity in relation to gender and gender mismatch between donorand recipient has not been studied in the OHT cohort. Early ventricular adaptation following OHT is sparselystudied, and specific reference values adapted to this unique cohort are abscent. Moreover, the impact of preconditioningwith left ventricular assist device (LVAD) used in a growing number of end-stage heart failure patientsawaiting OHT needs further evaluation. Speckle tracking derived strain has gained increasing interest due to itsability to detect discrete changes in myocardial contractility. The possible additive value of this echocardiographicparameter to assess left- and right- (LV and RV) ventricular function in the OHT cohort warrants furtherinvestigation.The results of this thesis delivers the findings that atrial enlargement is present and ventricular size and function isaltered in OHT patients. In terms of measures of LV function, ejection fraction (EF) and LV global longitudinalstrain (LVGLS) along with all measures of RV function were reduced compared to reference values for the normalpopulation. With regard to gender we found that male recipients had larger LV mass, thicker septal wall and largerLV volume. A slightly higher EF was detected in female recipients vs. male recipients whereas no differences wereobserved for conventional RV function parameters between the genders. Both LV- and RV- ventricular strain washigher in females than in males. The male recipients receiving a female donor heart had comparable EF and strainparameters to the female recipients receiving a gender-matched heart. Analysis of early adaptation following OHTrevealed that LV function parameters remained stable between one and twelve months after OHT while acontinuous improvement in RV function parameters, including strain, was seen. In patients bridged with LVAD wefound that RV adaptation post OHT was accelerated and the values of echocardiographic function parametersobtained at one month remained unaltered during twelve months follow-up. Thus, at twelve months differencesbetween the groups were no longer detectable.To conclude, the distribution of several routinely used echocardiographic measures differ in stable OHT patientsas compared to healthy subjects suggesting that specific reference values should be applied when assessingnormality in this cohort. The fact that rejection is more common early following transplantation supports theimportance of defining values of early normal adaptation in order to tailor the examination to detect adverseevents. Moreover, the knowledge regarding how recipient gender and preconditioning with LVAD affect ventricularfunction following OHT is clinically relevant to adequately examine OHT patients with echocardiography

Some studies on macama balthica l

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