Population-based neuropathological studies of dementia: design, methods and areas of investigation – a systematic review

Background Prospective population-based neuropathological studies have a special place in dementia research which is under emphasised. Methods A systematic review of the methods of population-based neuropathological studies of dementia was carried out. These studies were assessed in relation to their representativeness of underlying populations and the clinical, neuropsychological and neuropathological approaches adopted. Results Six studies were found to be true population-based neuropathological studies of dementia in the older people: the Hisayama study (Japan); Vantaa 85+ study (Finland); CC75C study (Cambridge, UK); CFAS (multicentre, UK); Cache County study (Utah, USA); HAAS (Hawaï, USA). These differ in the core characteristics of their populations. The studies used standardised neuropathological methods which facilitate analyses on: clinicopathological associations and confirmation of diagnosis, assessing the validity of hierarchical models of neuropathological lesion burden; investigating the associations between neuropathological burden and risk factors including genetic factors. Examples of findings are given although there is too little overlap in the areas investigated amongst these studies to form the basis of a systematic review of the results. Conclusion Clinicopathological studies based on true population samples can provide unique insights in dementia. Individually they are limited in power and scope; together they represent a powerful source to translate findings from laboratory to populations

Security and Citizenship in Global South: In/securing citizens in early Republican Turkey (1923-1946)

Cataloged from PDF version of article.The relationship between security and citizenship is more complex than media portrayals based on binary oppositions seem to suggest (included/excluded, security/insecurity), or mainstream approaches to International Relations (IR) and security seem to acknowledge. This is particularly the case in the post-imperial and/or postcolonial contexts of global South where the transition of people from subjecthood to citizenship is better understood as a process of in/securing. For, people were secured domestically as they became citizens with access to a regime of rights and duties. People were also secured internationally as citizens of newly independent ‘nation-states’ who were protected against interventions and/or ‘indirect rule’ by the (European) International Society, whose practices were often justified on grounds of the former’s ‘failings’ in meeting the so-called ‘standards of civilization’. Yet, people were also rendered insecure as they sought to approximate and/or resist the citizen imaginaries of the newly established ‘nation-states’. The article illustrates this argument by looking at the case of Turkey in the early Republican era (1923–1946)

Construction of classical superintegrable systems with higher order integrals of motion from ladder operators

We construct integrals of motion for multidimensional classical systems from ladder operators of one-dimensional systems. This method can be used to obtain new systems with higher order integrals. We show how these integrals generate a polynomial Poisson algebra. We consider a one-dimensional system with third order ladders operators and found a family of superintegrable systems with higher order integrals of motion. We obtain also the polynomial algebra generated by these integrals. We calculate numerically the trajectories and show that all bounded trajectories are closed.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, to appear in j.math.phys

Third-order superintegrable systems separable in parabolic coordinates

In this paper, we investigate superintegrable systems which separate in parabolic coordinates and admit a third-order integral of motion. We give the corresponding determining equations and show that all such systems are multi-separable and so admit two second-order integrals. The third-order integral is their Lie or Poisson commutator. We discuss how this situation is different from the Cartesian and polar cases where new potentials were discovered which are not multi-separable and which are expressed in terms of Painlev\'e transcendents or elliptic functions

A wave driver theory for vortical waves propagating across junctions with application to those between rigid and compliant walls

A theory is described for propagation of vortical waves across alternate rigid and compliant panels. The structure in the fluid side at the junction of panels is a highly vortical narrow viscous structure which is idealized as a wave driver. The wave driver is modelled as a ‘half source cum half sink’. The incoming wave terminates into this structure and the outgoing wave emanates from it. The model is described by half Fourier–Laplace transforms respectively for the upstream and downstream sides of the junction. The cases below cutoff and above cutoff frequencies are studied. The theory completely reproduces the direct numerical simulation results of Davies & Carpenter (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 335, 1997, p. 361). Particularly, the jumps across the junction in the kinetic energy integral, the vorticity integral and other related quantities as obtained in the work of Davies & Carpenter are completely reproduced. Also, some important new concepts emerge, notable amongst which is the concept of the pseudo group velocity

On convergence towards a self-similar solution for a nonlinear wave equation - a case study

We consider the problem of asymptotic stability of a self-similar attractor for a simple semilinear radial wave equation which arises in the study of the Yang-Mills equations in 5+1 dimensions. Our analysis consists of two steps. In the first step we determine the spectrum of linearized perturbations about the attractor using a method of continued fractions. In the second step we demonstrate numerically that the resulting eigensystem provides an accurate description of the dynamics of convergence towards the attractor.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Lagrangian Formalism for nonlinear second-order Riccati Systems: one-dimensional Integrability and two-dimensional Superintegrability

The existence of a Lagrangian description for the second-order Riccati equation is analyzed and the results are applied to the study of two different nonlinear systems both related with the generalized Riccati equation. The Lagrangians are nonnatural and the forces are not derivable from a potential. The constant value $E$ of a preserved energy function can be used as an appropriate parameter for characterizing the behaviour of the solutions of these two systems. In the second part the existence of two--dimensional versions endowed with superintegrability is proved. The explicit expressions of the additional integrals are obtained in both cases. Finally it is proved that the orbits of the second system, that represents a nonlinear oscillator, can be considered as nonlinear Lissajous figuresComment: 25 pages, 7 figure

Unique positive solution for an alternative discrete Painlevé I equation

We show that the alternative discrete Painleve I equation has a unique solution which remains positive for all n >0. Furthermore, we identify this positive solution in terms of a special solution of the second Painleve equation involving the Airy function Ai(t). The special-function solutions of the second Painleve equation involving only the Airy function Ai(t) therefore have the property that they remain positive for all n>0 and all t>0, which is a new characterization of these special solutions of the second Painlevé equation and the alternative discrete Painlevé I equation

Morphologic Mapping of the Sublingual Microcirculation in Healthy Volunteers

PURPOSE Monitoring the sublingual and oral microcirculation (SM-OM) using hand-held vital microscopes (HVMs) has provided valuable insight into the (patho)physiology of diseases. However, the microvascular anatomy in a healthy population has not been adequately described yet. METHODS Incident dark field-based HVM imaging was used to visualize the SM-OM. First, the SM was divided into four different fields; Field-a (between incisors-lingua), Field-b (between the canine-first premolar-lingua), Field-c (between the first-second premolar-lingua), Field-d (between the second molar-wisdom teeth-lingua). Second, we investigated the buccal area, lower and upper lip. Total/functional vessel density (TVD/FCD), focus depth (FD), small vessel mean diameters (SVMDs), and capillary tortuosity score (CTS) were compared between the areas. RESULTS Fifteen volunteers with a mean age of 29 ± 6 years were enrolled. No statistical difference was found between the sublingual fields in terms of TVD (p = 0.30), FCD (p = 0.38), and FD (p = 0.09). SVMD was similar in Field-a, Field-b, and Field-c (p = 0.20-0.30), and larger in Field-d (p < 0.01, p = 0.015). The CTS of the buccal area was higher than in the lips. CONCLUSION The sublingual area has a homogenous distribution in TVD, FCD, FD, and SVMD. This study can be a description of the normal microvascular anatomy for future researches regarding microcirculatory assessment

Exact Solutions of a (2+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equation

The purpose of this paper is to present a class of particular solutions of a C(2,1) conformally invariant nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation by symmetry reduction. Using the subgroups of similitude group reduced ordinary differential equations of second order and their solutions by a singularity analysis are classified. In particular, it has been shown that whenever they have the Painlev\'e property, they can be transformed to standard forms by Moebius transformations of dependent variable and arbitrary smooth transformations of independent variable whose solutions, depending on the values of parameters, are expressible in terms of either elementary functions or Jacobi elliptic functions.Comment: 16 pages, no figures, revised versio