The question of developing a framework for organizational survival

Despite the large number of firms entering the industry each year, a considerable number of them over different stages of their lifecycle (establishment, development, and etc.), are lost and are experiencing organizational death. Business factors affecting their survival and ability to respond them faster can take appropriate action to ensure their survival. Managers are faced with this question: What are the dimensions of organizational survival? Evaluation studies show that the background models in the areas of growth, development and maturity of the organization, have been studied in various researches. But the survival of the organization requires the introduction of any growth, development and maturation associated with less attention has been and is a multidimensional construct that does not represent different aspects of the organization's survival. The main issue of this paper is to investigate the importance and necessity of developing a framework and structure for organizational multidimensional survival

The question of developing a framework for organizational survival

Despite the large number of firms entering the industry each year, a considerable number of them over different stages of their lifecycle (establishment, development, and etc.), are lost and are experiencing organizational death. Business factors affecting their survival and ability to respond them faster can take appropriate action to ensure their survival. Managers are faced with this question: What are the dimensions of organizational survival? Evaluation studies show that the background models in the areas of growth, development and maturity of the organization, have been studied in various researches. But the survival of the organization requires the introduction of any growth, development and maturation associated with less attention has been and is a multidimensional construct that does not represent different aspects of the organization's survival. The main issue of this paper is to investigate the importance and necessity of developing a framework and structure for organizational multidimensional survival

A carbon gel catalyst layer for the roll-to-roll production of dye solar cells

Carbon gel catalyst layers were used in dye solar cells. These layers were prepared on flexible plastic substrates at low temperatures (130 °C). The carbon gel, demonstrated excellent flexibility which is an important feature for roll-to-roll production and special applications of dye solar cells. The use of these low cost and highly flexible catalyst layers resulted in good photovoltaic performance; only 10% lower than dye solar cells with rigid glass-based counter electrodes prepared with thermal platinization at ∼400 °C temperature.Peer reviewe

Study of Risk Factors in the Management of Epilepsy – A Study of 100 Cases

Objective: Epilepsy is one on of the commonest neurological problem seen in neurology and the ultimate aim is to manage the fits. Despite giving various medicines, fits are not controlled in some patients. This study has been carried out to define various factors which account for poor control of fits in these patients. These include incorrect diagnosis of epilepsy, under dosage, improper selection of the drugs, noncompliance of the patient, lack of education, etc. If proper emphasis were given to all these factors while treating the patient of epilepsy, fits can be effectively controlled in the majority of the patients.Material and Methods: It was a retrospective and prospective study. The duration of study was six months from 1st January to 31st Dec 2016. The study has been carried in the department of neurology, Gujranwala medical college/DHQ teaching hospital Gujranwala.Results: A total number of hundred patients were entered into the study. This was a heterogeneous group according to gender and age. There were a total of 62 (62%) males, and 38 (38%) females. Out of total 100 patients, 86 had idiopathic epilepsy which constitutes 86% of total patients. Four (4%) had fits following meningitis. There were no patients with a history of fits following trauma. There were four (4%) patients who had a brain tumor.Conclusion: It is concluded from our study that: Idiopathic Epilepsy is the commonest among etiology of fits almost (86%). Tonic clonic generalized epilepsy is the commonest type of presentation for Epilepsy (76%). The control of seizures can be improved by education/councelling of the patients

A Study of Risk Factors of Stroke in Department of Neurology at GMC/DHQ Teaching Hospital Gujranwala

Objective: To evaluate pattern and risk factors of strokes admitted in the department of neurology GMC/DHQ teaching hospital Gujranwala. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at GMC Gujranwala during January 2018. Results: During the month of January 2018 total number of admitted patients were 400. Out of these one hundred were of stroke. Males were 61, females were 39. Mean age was 57 years while the mean hospital stay was 6.2 days. Among these 100 cases, cerebral infarction were in 54 patients and hemorrhagic in 46 patients. We observed that most of cerebral infarction were in territory of middle cerebral artery, and intracerebral hemorrhages were mostly thalamic region followed putamen. It was further seen that hypertension was the most common risk factor in 56 patients, ischemic heart disease (IHD) 28, and diabetes in 10 patients. The mortality was 20% more in patients of hemorrhagic strokes. Glasgow coma scale was an important determinant of outcome of stroke. Conclusion: Our study concluded that Ischemic Strokes are slightly higher than Hemorrhages stroke. GCS is an important determinant in the outcome of stroke. 33% of intracerebral bleeds die shortly after admission.&nbsp

Preliminary Resource Potential Assessment of Placer Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs) from mid-Siwalik Sediments of a late Miocene Himalayan Foreland Basin, Pakistan

The present study has assessed the preliminary placer LREEs resource potential of mid-Siwalik Group Dhok Pathan Formation from Surghar-Shingar Range of NW Himalayan foreland Fold-and-Thrust-Belt and regarded them as indicative resources only. The analytical results of bulk samples of sandstone did not show any anomalous concentration of REEs. However, the ICP-MS results of heavy minerals laminations (black sands) revealed high concentrations (ppm) of LREEs (La: 975, Ce: 2831, Pr: 193, Nd: 746, Sm: 127, Gd: 98.70). We identified monazite-(Ce) [Ce, La, Nd]PO4 as the primary LREEs-bearing mineral through Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA). The representative quantitative micro-mineral analysis of monazite confirmed promising concentration of Rare Earth Oxides (REOs) maximum (in weight %) - La2O3: 16.20, Ce2O3: 37.82, Pr2O3: 4.77, Nd2O3: 21.72, Sm2O3: 5.23, Gd2O3: 4.88. Considering the thickness, lateral extension and depositional setting of host sediments along-with anomalously high concentrations of LREEs, it has been concluded that these Siwalik sediments host good indicative placer resource potential for low-cost recovery of LREEs

Towards metal free counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

This thesis provides a technical overview of results from addressing the critical steps in preparing counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) on flexible substrates (mainly plastics) to pave the way towards low-cost DSCs. The aim was to develop low-temperature counter electrode inks and pastes that could be suitable for high volume manufacturing processes. A special focus was given on the mechanical stability (flexibility and adhesion) of the materials that were deposited through a low-temperature route. Different low temperature inks and pastes based on carbon composites were tested as a replacement to expensive platinum nanoparticles based catalyst layer and showed good mechanical stability, comparable photovoltaic performance and low charge transfer resistance in complete dye-sensitized solar cells. Indium doped tin oxide (ITO) layer that is normally used as a conductor on plastic substrates was successfully replaced with a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film deposited as a low-temperature curable ink on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate. The SWCNT films exhibited remarkably good mechanical stability when subjected to bending and tape adhesion tests. Coating the film with a thin layer of conducting polymer poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) increased its catalytic performance comparable to a reference platinum counter electrode. Relevant to scaling up DSC preparation, a two way electrolyte filling method was studied as a means to suppress performance losses that occur due to non-homogenous distribution of electrolyte components. The method enhanced the photovoltaic performance of a segmented measurement cell by up to 42% compared to traditional one way filling of the electrolyte. The aforementioned results provide pathways for the future development of robust flexible counter electrodes that can be beneficial especially from the perspective of high throughput roll-to-roll processing of flexible DSCs on polymer substrates

Stabilization of metal counter electrodes for dye solar cells

The purpose of this study was to identify stable metal based counter electrodes (CE) for dye solar cells (DSC). Previous studies have shown that stainless steel (StS 304) suffers from corrosion when used as a counter electrode. Therefore metals which have inherently higher corrosion resistance, such as stainless steel types 321, 316 and 316L, Inconel 600 and titanium, were investigated here. When using thermal platinization for the preparation of the catalyst layer on CE, only the titanium foil based metal based DSC remained consistently stable in the 1000 h light soaking test. The counter electrodes were also prepared with sputtering ∼20 nm thick layer of Pt which provides a highly uniform layer on the CE which acts also as a protective coating on the metal. With sputtered Pt, DSC on all studied metals expect for Inconel remained at 80–95% of the initial efficiency after light soaking test for 1000 h.Peer reviewe

Effect of molecular filtering and electrolyte composition on the spatial variation in performance of dye solar cells

It is demonstrated that the molecular filtering effect of TiO2 has a significant influence on dye solar cell (DSC) performance. As electrolyte is injected to a DSC, some of the electrolyte components adsorb to the surface TiO2 (here 4-tert-butylpyridine and 1-methyl-benzimidazole) and accumulate near the electrolyte filling hole resulting in varying electrolyte composition and performance across the cell. The spatial performance distribution was investigated with a new method, the segment cell method. Not only is the segmented cell method simple and cheap when compared to the only other method for examining spatial variation (photocurrent mapping), it also has the major advantage of allowing the spatial variation in all other operating parameters to be assessed. Here the molecular filtering effect was to influence the cell performance in case of all the five studied electrolytes causing up to 35% losses in efficiency. Raman spectra indicated that the loss in photocurrent in the electrolyte filling was in correlation with the loss of thiocyanate ligands suggesting that dye regeneration may also be a significant factor in addition to electron injection in some of the cells. There were also shifts in the absorption spectra the photoelectrodes which further supported changes in the thiocyanate ligands. Besides absorption changes, there were additional shifts in the IPCE spectra which may relate to deprotonation of the dye. The efficiency losses were reduced to ∼10% with contemporary electrolyte compositions.Peer reviewe