PERAN KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN BERBASIS SEKOLAH

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Peran Kepemimpinan dalam implementasi Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah di SMP Terbuka 25 Surabaya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Subyek penelitian ini adalah Kepala sekolah, Wakil bagian kurikulum, Wakil kepala bagian kesiswaan, Wakil bagian hubungan masyarakat, dan Wakil bagian sarana dan prasana sebagai informan utama. Data dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan dengan menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Kepemimpinan di SMP Terbuka 25 Surabaya dilaksanakan dengan baik. Terciptanya suasana yang kondusif di setiap ruang, baik ruang kerja kepala sekolah, pegawai dan guru. (2) Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah diimplementasikan dengan baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan sarana dan prasarana yang memadai untuk operasional lembaga pendidikan, inovasi program yang memuat nilai-nilai edukatif. (3) Peran Kepemimpinan dalam Implementasi Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah ditunjukkan dengan pemberdayaan tenaga pendidikan dan guru, serta usaha kepala sekolah dalam menerapkan inovasi program baru untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan di sekolah

Bio-energy production in the sugar industry: an integrated modeling approach

Recent reforms in the Common Agricultural Policy and the sugar regime caused serious concerns for the future of the European sugar industry. At the same time, the European Commission considers transportation bio-fuels as a key factor for reducing reliance on imported fuels, emission levels of greenhouse gases and to meet rural development goals. Matching the sugar sector with bio-ethanol production may create opportunities for sustainable management of the existing sugar industry infrastructure and also serve bio-fuel policy targets. A partial equilibrium economic model is used in order to evaluate the shift from sugar to bio-ethanol production in Thessaly, Greece. In the agricultural feedstock supply and industrial processing sub-models are articulated indicating optimal crop mix for farmers and the best technology configurations for industry. The joint ethanol-biogas option appears to be preferable using sugar beet and wheat, whereas capacity selected amounts at 120 kt of ethanol.Sugar beet, grain, ethanol, mathematical programming, Greece, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Understanding the Implications of Anandamide, an Endocannabinoid in an Early Land Plant, Physcomitrella patens

Endocannabinoid signaling is well studied in mammals and known to be involved in numerous pathological and physiological processes. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) terminates endocannabinoid signaling in mammals. In Physcomitrella patens, we identified nine orthologs of FAAH (PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH9) with the characteristic catalytic triad and amidase signature sequence. Kinetics of PpFAAH1 showed specificity towards anandamide (AEA) at 37°C and pH 8.0. Further biophysical and bioinformatic analyses revealed that, structurally, PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH4 were closely associated to the plant FAAH whereas PpFAAH6 to PpFAAH9 were more closely associated to the animal FAAH. A substrate entry gate or ‘dynamic paddle’ in FAAH is fully formed in vertebrates but absent or not fully developed in non-vertebrates and plants. In planta analysis revealed that PpFAAH responded differently with saturated and unsaturated N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). In vivo amidohydrolase activity showed specificity associated with developmental stages. Additionally, overexpression of PpFAAH1 indicated the need for NAEs in developmental transition. To understand and identify key molecules related to endocannabinoid signaling in P. patens, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing. We analyzed temporal expression of mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in response not only to exogenous anandamide but also its precursor arachidonic acid and abscisic acid (ABA, a stress hormone). From the 40 RNA-seq libraries generated, we identified 4244 novel lncRNAs. The highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for both mRNA and lncRNA were detected on short-term exposure (1 h) to AEA. Furthermore, gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that 17 genes related to activation of the G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway were highly expressed along with a number of genes associated with organelle relocation and localization. We identified key signaling components of AEA that showed significant difference when compared with ABA. This study provides a fundamental understanding of novel endocannabinoid signaling in early land plants and a future direction to elucidate its functional role

Sex Differences in Effective Political Participation among Elected People's Representatives of the Rural Local Governance Units, Union Parishads, of Bangladesh : Workplace and Sexual Harrassment, and Cultural Hurdles to Female Participation

The aim of this thesis, consisting of four published articles (Studies I–IV), was to explore sex differences in political participation and factors related to these sex differences among people’s representatives in the local governance of Bangladesh. In Study I, a paper-and-pencil questionnaire was completed by 680 (347 female, 333 male) representatives from Union Parishads, the rural local governance bodies of Bangladesh. The mean age of the participating women was 42.5 years (SD 6.5) and of the participating men 44.2 years (SD 6.3). In Studies II–IV, the sample was expanded to comprise 821 representatives (412 females, 409 males) from 128 Union Parishads, who filled in the same questionnaire. The mean age was 42.6 years (SD 6.4) for females and 43.9 (SD 6.2) for males. The questionnaire included scales for the measurement of (a) political participation, (b)workplace harassment (workplace bullying), (c) sexual harassment, (d) experienced cultural hurdles for female political participation, (e) family restrictions against political participation experienced by women, and (f) to what extent these restrictions were also noticed by men. Study I: The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in effective political participation among 680 representatives in the rural local governance of Bangladesh, Union Parishads (sample described above). Four subscales related to political participation were analysed. Females scored significantly lower than males on the scales of having influence on political decisions, active political participation and initiatives, and political commissions of trust; they scored significantly higher than males on the victimisation from faulty meeting procedures. Influence on political decisions varied according to age group for females but not for males. Of the males, 94.7% participated in meetings regularly compared to only 30.1% of the females. Of the females, 16.9 % reported they were not informed about the time of the meetings, while this was the case for only 3.7% of the males. None of the committees used voting at the monthly meetings. Of the males, 94.9% reported that meeting decisions were taken through mutual understanding, while only 15.3% of the females were of that opinion. Of the females, 64.8% reported that decisions were taken by the chairman alone, and 19.9% of them that decisions were taken by the chairman and male members only. Study II: The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between victimisation from workplace harassment and political participation among 821 elected peoples’ representatives to the rural local governance, namely the Union Parishads in Bangladesh (sample described above). The sample was the same as in Studies III and IV, and the questionnaire the same as in all four studies. In this study, the scales for the measurement of political participation and workplace harassment (workplace bullying) were applied. The scale measuring workplace harassment had six subscales measuring different types of harassment. The results showed that women were significantly more victimised from verbal, nonverbal, and rational-appearing aggression, social isolation, and indirect social manipulation than men. For women, the most common type of victimisation was rational-appearing aggression, followed by social isolation, and verbal aggression. For men, the most common type of victimisation was from verbal aggression, all the other types of victimisation appeared rarely. Representatives with low political participation scored significantly higher than those with high participation on all six types of harassment. Five of the six types predicted active political participation negatively. Women were more victimised from five types of workplace harassment than men. Victimisation from workplace harassment predicted low political participation. Study III: The aim of the study was to investigate differences between reports of victimisation from sexual harassment by females and awareness of ongoing sexual harassment of female representatives among their male colleagues. The sample was the same as in Studies II and IV, and the same questionnaire was used. Sexual harassment was measured with the Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire, measuring different types of sexual harassment. For all types of sexual harassment, reports by females on how often they were victimised were significantly higher than reports by males about how often they had observed female colleagues being harassed. Females 29−45 years of age were significantly more victimised from all types of sexual harassment than those 51−61 years old. Males 56−61 years of age scored higher than other males on observations of female victimisation from all types of sexual harassment. Females reported victimisation from verbal sexual harassment to be the most common type, followed by nonverbal harassment, and sexual harassment based on social manipulation; the least common type was victimisation from physical sexual harassment. Conclusively, great discrepancies were found between reports by females of victimisation from sexual harassment in the Union Parishads and awareness of the ongoing sexual harassment by their male colleagues. Study IV: The aim of the study was to investigate cultural hurdles and family restrictions on female political participation among representatives to the Union Parishads of Bangladesh. The sample consisted of 821 representatives and was the same as in Studies II and III, and the instrument was the same as in the other studies. The scales used in this study were for the measurement of political participation and for the experiences of females and observations by males regarding cultural hurdles and family restrictions on female political participation. The amount of both cultural hurdles and family restrictions experienced by female representatives were significantly higher than the amounts their male colleagues had observed. Women with low levels of political participation had experienced high levels of cultural hurdles and low levels of family restrictions. Women with high levels of political participation experienced low levels of cultural hurdles and high levels of family restrictions. For females, age correlated negatively with cultural hurdles but not with family restrictions. Conclusively, female political participation in the Union Parishads of Bangladesh is hampered by both cultural hurdles and family restrictions. Male colleagues did not observe the full amount of hurdles that the female representatives experienced. It may be concluded that despite recent legislative measures, women representatives still face far more difficulties than their male colleagues, and that female political participation needs to be improved further in Bangladesh

An Endocannabinoid Catabolic Enzyme Faah and Its Paralogs in an Early Land Plant Reveal Evolutionary and Functional Relationship With Eukaryotic Orthologs

Endocannabinoids were known to exist only among Animalia but recent report of their occurrence in early land plants prompted us to study its function and metabolism. In mammals, anandamide, as an endocannabinoid ligand, mediates several neurological and physiological processes, which are terminated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We identified nine orthologs of FAAH in the moss Physcomitrella patens (PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH9) with amidase signature and catalytic triad. The optimal amidase activity for PpFAAH1 was at 37 °C and pH 8.0, with higher specificity to anandamide. Further, the phylogeny and predicted structural analyses of the nine paralogs revealed that PpFAAH1 to PpFAAH4 were closely related to plant FAAH while PpFAAH6 to PpFAAH9 were to the rat FAAH, categorized based on the membrane binding cap, membrane access channel and substrate binding pocket. We also identified that a true ‘dynamic paddle’ that is responsible for tighter regulation of FAAH is recent in vertebrates and absent or not fully emerged in plants and non-vertebrates. These data reveal evolutionary and functional relationship among eukaryotic FAAH orthologs and features that contribute to versatility and tighter regulation of FAAH. Future studies will utilize FAAH mutants of moss to elucidate the role of anandamide in early land plants

Tobacco Methyl Salicylate Esterase Mediates Nonhost Resistance

Nonhost resistance is a type of broad-spectrum resistance exhibited by a given plant species to most strains of a pathogen which are generally pathogenic to other plant species. In this study, we have examined the role of tobacco SABP2 (Salicylic acid-Binding Protein 2) in nonhost resistance. SABP2, a methyl salicylate esterase is a critical component of SA-signaling pathway in tobacco plants. The transgenic tobacco SABP2-silenced lines treated with tetraFA, a known inhibitor of esterase activity of SABP2 exhibited enhanced susceptibility to nonhost pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola compared to the control plants. The increased accumulation of SABP2 transcripts upon Psp infection supports the involvement of SABP2 in nonhost resistance. The tetra-FA treated plants also showed delayed expression of pathogenesis related-1 gene upon Psp inoculations. The expression of nonhost marker genes CDM1 and HIN1 was also monitored in tobacco plants infected with host-pathogen P.s. pv. tabaci and P.s. pv. phaseolicola. Overall, results presented in this manuscript suggest that SABP2 has a role in nonhost resistance in tobacco plants

A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF INDIAN AND SAUDI ARABIAN SOCIAL WELFARE SCHEMES

Purpose of the study: The aim of the study is to find the similarities between the welfare schemes of Indian and Saudi governments, and the burden of these schemes and their impact on society. This study aims to compare and contrast the welfare schemes of two altogether different types of economy. Methodology: This study applies the methodology of comparative analysis by employing descriptive analysis to study both the similarities and dissimilarities of the welfare schemes of Saudi Arabia and India. Main Findings: Indian and Saudi governments have been spending a lot of welfare schemes of their respective GDPs. The intention of these governments is to help the poor to lead a minimum quality of life. Though the intention is genuine and appreciable, in terms of implementation, the two governments have not yet achieved any desired results even after 60 years of introduction. Applications of this study: India and Saudi Arabia can learn from each other in designing and distributing welfare schemes like Saudi Arabia should focus to have targeted compensation and India to use its unique identification numbers to reduce leakages in its schemes. Instead of focusing on giving subsidies, it is better to devise a strategy with a timeframe to reduce poverty by creating many opportunities for the poor to improve their standard of living.  Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty in this study is a comparison of welfare schemes between two countries with two different types of political systems. While both countries are developing in nature, Saudi Arabia falls under a very high-income category country and India falls under the lower-middle-income category country

A REVIEW ON FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HERBOSOME COMPLEX

The major amount of active constituents comprises in herbal drugs with excellent bioactivity in vitro but less in vivo because of their poor lipid solubility and improper size of the molecules. This results in poor absorption and bioavailability of active constituents from the herbal extract. Herbosome technology enhances the bioavailability of herbal extracts. Herbosome act as the bridge between the novel delivery system and conventional delivery system. It is a complex of natural active ingredients and phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine etc.) which increases absorption of herbal extract. Herbosome is the novel emerging technique applied to phytopharmaceuticals for the enhancement of bioavailability of herbal extract for medicinal applications. This article overviews about herbosome technology, recent advance, their application for various standardized herbal extracts and aims to provide complete scientific information, characterization about herbosomes as a promising drug delivery system

The economic and energy efficiencies of GCC states: A DEA approach

The six GCC states share similar economic, geographic and socio-cultural characteristics and also face with similar challenges in terms of energy perspective. This study plans to focus on the eco-nomic and energy efficiency of the six GCC states. In the process, the study ranks the GCC states in terms of their efficiency scores. These efficiencies are computed through Data Envelopment Analysis. The economic efficiency is calculated for all six GCC states. Capital and labor are the inputs and GDP is the output. In this survey, Saudi Arabia maintains the highest efficiency score of 0.94, closely followed by Qatar (0.92), Kuwait (0.89), Bahrain (0.83), Oman (0.81) and UAE (0.67). There is a huge gap between the economic efficiency scores of Saudi Arabia and UAE. The environmental efficiency scores are calculated using CO2 emissions as output and electric power consumption and energy as input. Again, the highest efficiency score is for Saudi Arabia (0.91) followed by Oman (0.87), Kuwait and Bahrain have a tie for the 3rd position with a score of 0.74. Finally, the laggards are UAE (0.65) and Qatar (0.62). Again, there is a huge gap between the best and the worst performers. The case of two countries is worth mentioning. Qatar is ranked second in terms of economic efficiency while it was ranked sixth in terms of economic efficiency. Oman was ranked fifth in terms of economic efficiency while it was ranked second in terms of environmental efficiency. Finally, an average of economic and environmental efficiency are taken to compute the composite index. Saudi Arabia has the first place followed by Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and UAE

Workplace Harassment and Political Participation among Representatives to the Union Parishads in Bangladesh

AbstractThe aim of the study was to explore the relationship between victimisation from workplace harassment and political participation among the elected peoples’ representatives to the rural local governance, namely the Union Parishads in Bangladesh. A questionnaire was completed by 821 representatives (412 women, 409 men). The mean age was 42.5 years (SD = 6.5) for women and 44.2 (SD = 6.3) for men. The results showed that women were significantly more victimised from verbal, nonverbal, and rational appearing aggression, social isolation, and indirect social manipulation than men. For women, the most common type of victimisation was rational appearing aggression, followed by social isolation, and verbal aggression. For men, the most common type of victimisation was from verbal aggression, all the other types of victimisation appeared rarely. Representatives with low political participation scored significantly higher than those with high participation on all six types of harassment.Five of the six types predicted active political participation negatively. Women were more victimised from five types of workplace harassment than men. Victimisation from workplace harassment predicted low political participation.Keywords: Workplace harassment, political participation, sex differences, Union Parishads,                    Banglades