Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Hyperuricemia Activity Test In Vivo of Ethanolic Extract of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Skin

Uric acid is the final product of purine metabolism that will be excreted through urine, feces, and sweat. Excessive production of uric acid can cause hyperuricemia, known as gout. The skin of shallots (Allium cepa L.) is one of the household wastes that are very rarely used by the community. Ethanol extract of shallot skin (EESS) was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-hyperuricemia activity using potassium oxonate. Mice were divided into five groups (Allopurinol, Na-CMC, EESS 200 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW, and 400 mg/kg BW) and uric acid levels were observed at 2-hour intervals for six hours. Phytochemical screening shows that EESS has potential compounds in the treatment of gout. Tests to reduce uric acid levels showed that EESS has better potential than allopurinol at concentrations of 300 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW after six hours of induction in reducing uric acid levels

STUDI IN SILICO SENYAWA MINYAK ATSIRI KETUMBAR TERHADAP PROTEIN RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE (RdRp) COVID-19

COVID-19 adalah penyakit akibat infeksi virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).COVID-19 dapat menyebabkan gangguan sistem pernapasan, mulai dari gejala yang ringan seperti flu, hinggainfeksi paru-paru, seperti pneumonia. Sampai sekarang belum ditemukan pengobatan yang sesuai untukpenyakit COVID-19. Daun ketumbar (Coriander sativum L.) mengandung beberapa minyak atsiri yangdiprediksi dapat berfungsi sebagai antivirus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaraninteraksi secara in silico senyawa minyak atsiri dari daun ketumbar terhadap target protein RNA-dependentRNA polymerase (RdRp) pada virus COVID-19. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan software(perangkat lunak) Pyrx dan divisualisasikan dengan software Discovery Studio. Pengunduhan protein RdRPmelalui Protein Data Bank (PDB) dengan kode 6M71. Struktur dua dan tiga dimensi senaywa minyak atsiri dankontrol diunduh dengan menggunakan database PubChem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan senyawa minyakatsiri daun ketumbar (Coriandrin) memiliki potensi interaksi terbaik antara ligan terhadap RdRp secara in silicodengan nilai energi -6.5 Kcal/mol. Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa minyak atisiri daunketumbar mampu terhambat pada protein RdRp secara in silico sehingga berpotensi sebagain anti-COVID-19

Identification of Potential COVID-19 Targets and Pathways Derivate from Various Phenolic Compounds from Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) by Using Network Pharmacology Approach

With the uncertainty of COVID-19 disease around the world, the discovery and development of novel treatments for COVID-19 becoming an emerging trend. Network pharmacology has been used for determining the potential targets from several diseases. This research mainly focused on the potential of Allium schoenoprasum against COVID-19 based on a network pharmacology approach. The methods consist of target identification of the compounds, target identification related to COVID-19 disease, compound-target interaction network, protein-protein interaction network and gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis. Fifthy three main targets obtained from the compound-COVID-19 were identified as main targets from the compounds with MMP9, MPO, TLR4, MMP2, CCNB1, AURKB, PLK1, TOP2A, ALOX5, and CD38 becoming the top 10 core targets. Phenolic compounds in Allium schoenoprasum may act as anti-COVID-19 through several inflammatory and immune response pathways. Based on these results, it seems that phenolic compounds in Allium schoenoprasum might act as anti-COVID-19 via network pharmacology approaches

IN VITRO ANTINEPHROLITHIASIS EFFECT OF BREADFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS ALTILIS (PARK) FOSBERG) LEAVES EXTRACT BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

 Objective: The objective of this study is to observe the solubility calcium oxalate as a prototype of kidney stone in breadfruit leaf extract solution (n-hexane extract solution, ethyl acetate extract solution, and ethanol extract solution) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Methods: Research was conducted qualitatively to analyze calcium oxalate solubility in breadfruit leaf extract solution. The solubility of calcium was known by measuring the levels of calcium in extract solution before and after incubation with calcium oxalate. Potassium as a factor that can enhance the solubility of calcium oxalate also measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The higher concentration of extract solution used in incubation with calciumoxalate, the higher dissolving activity of calcium oxalate. The highest activity was found in ethyl acetate extract to dissolve calcium oxalate. Potassium has a small effect on the activity of dissolving calcium oxalate. Activity may be due to the phytochemical content present in the ethyl acetate extract.Conclusion: Ethyl acetate extract solution has the highest activity to dissolve calcium compared to n-hexane extract and ethanol extract solution

PENETAPAN KADAR KALIUM, KALSIUM, DAN NATRIUM PADA DAUN KUCAI (Allium schoenoprasum L.) SEGAR DAN DIREBUS SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI SERAPAN ATOM

Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) is a long-lived plant that is very easy to grow. This plant is known as the vegetable of the Liliaceae family. Traditionally, chives are used as anti-hypertension and anti lithogenesis drugs. This study aims to determine the differences and compare the amount of potassium, calcium, and sodium in fresh and boiled chives. The method chosen in this study was atomic absorption spectrophotometry and performed at a wavelength of 766.5 nm, 422.7 nm, dan 589.0 nm. The results showed the level of potassium in chives is (321.1147± 0.9891) mg/100 g and the boiled chives for (169.2157± 1.9352) mg/100 g. Levels of calcium in fresh chives (47.4054± 0.7960) mg/100 g and boiled chives for (43.8424± 0.1995) mg/100 g. Levels of sodium in fresh chives (10.0729± 0.0619) mg/100 g and boiled chives for (4.2025± 0.0564) mg/100 g. The Chives decreasing percentage after boiled for potassium is 47.30%, 7.52 % for calcium, and 58.28% for sodium. Statistically different test average content of potassium, calcium, and sodium between fresh chives and boiled using the F distribution, concluded that the content of potassium, calcium, and sodium in fresh chive significantly higher than boiled chives.Kucai (Allium schoenoprasum, L.) adalah tanaman yang berumur panjang (perrenial) yang sangat mudah tumbuh. Tanaman ini dikenal sebagai sayuran dari keluarga Liliaceae. Secara tradisional, kucai digunakan sebagai obat anti hipertensi dan peluruh batu ginjal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk untuk mengetahui perbedaan kandungan kalium, kalsium, dan natrium pada kucai yang segar dan direbus. Metode yang dipilih dalam penelitian ini adalah secara spektrofotometri serapan atom yang dilakukan pada panjang gelombang 766,5 nm , 422,7 nm, dan 589,0 nm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kadar kalium pada daun kucai segar sebesar (321,1147±0,9891) mg/100 g dan pada daun kucai rebus sebesar (169,2157±1,9352) mg/100 g. Kadar kalsium pada daun kucai segar sebesar (47,4054±0,7960) mg/100 g dan pada daun kucai rebus sebesar (43,8424±0,1995) mg/100 g. Kadar natrium pada daun kucai segar sebesar (10,0729±0,0619) mg/100 g sedangkan pada daun kucai rebus sebesar (4,2025±0,0564) mg/100 g. Sedangkan persentase penurunan kadar mineral setelah direbus untuk kalium adalah 47,30%, untuk kalsium sebesar 7,52%, dan untuk natrium sebesar 58,28 %.Secara statistik uji beda rata-rata kandungan kalium, kalsium, dan natrium antara daun kucai segar dan rebus dengan menggunakan distribusi F, menyimpulkan bahwa kandungan kalium, kalsium, dan natrium pada daun kucai segar lebih tinggi secara signifikan dari daun kucai rebus

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN NANGKA (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, DAN Salmonella typhi

Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) have health benefits as an antimicrobial. The leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins which act as antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to study the potential antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) On the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhi. This research conducted with an experimental method that included the collection and processing of samples, the examination of the simplicia characterization and phytochemical screening. The concentration of jackfruit leaf ethanol extract. Used was at a concentration of 500 mg mL, 400 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL , 25 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL 30 mg/ml chloramphenicol and blanks. Using the disk diffusion method to measure the clear zone against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhi. Antimicrobial inhibition of ethanol extract of jackfruit leaves against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of 500 mg/mL has a strong antibacterial inhibition with a diameter of 10.8 mm. The bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhi at a concentration of 500 mg/mL have inhibitory power, 9.2 mm, 9.6 mm, and 8.8 mm in the medium category. Positive control chloramphenicol has powerful antibacterial inhibition with an inhibition zone diameter of 28.6 mm.Daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) mempunyai manfaat bagi kesehatan sebagai anti mikroba. Daun nangka mengandung flavonoid, tanin, saponin yang bersifat sebagai antimikroba. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui potensi aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Salmonella typhi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental meliputi pengumpulan dan pengolahan sampel, pemeriksaan karakterisasi simplisia dan skrining fitokimia. Konsentrasi Ekstrak etanol daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) yang digunakan adalah pada konsentrasi 500 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL kloramfenikol 30 mg/ml dan blanko. Menggunakan metode disc diffusion untuk mengukur zona bening terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Salmonella typhi. Daya hambat antimikroba ekstrak etanol daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada konsentrasi 500 mg/mL memiliki daya hambat antibakteri yang kuat dengan diameter 10,8 mm. Bakteri Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Salmonella typhi pada konsentrasi 500 mg/mL memiliki daya hambat, 9,2 mm, 9,6 mm, dan 8,8 mm dengan kategori sedang. Kontrol  positif yaitu kloramfenikol memiliki daya hambat antibakteri yang sangat kuat dengan diameter zona hambat 28,6 mm

The Impact of Pharmaceutical Care Implementation on The Incidence of Drug-Related Problem and Clinical Outcome of Hypertension Patients at Puskesmas Lubuk Pakam in 2021

The role of pharmacists in the implementation of pharmaceutical care has been shown to improve the outcome of therapy in hypertension patients in various countries. This study aimed to implement pharmaceutical care for hypertension patients and determine its impact on the incidence of drug-related problems (DRPs) and clinical outcomes of hypertension patients in Puskesmas Lubuk Pakam. This study used a comparative experimental method before and after the intervention of 73 hypertension patients in March-August 2021. Identification of the of DRPs was using the PCNE V9.00 standard and blood pressure values were obtained from direct examination of patients. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. The results showed that the average DRPs incidence was significantly reduced after the intervention (observation, interview, and education) on the hypertension patients. The average blood pressure before intervention was 154.38 ± 16.20 mmHg and after intervention became 144.04 ± 15.94 mmHg (p value = 0.000). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of pharmaceutical care can reduce the incidence of DRPs and improve clinical outcomes in hypertension patients in Puskesmas Lubuk Pakam

Antihypertensive activity of spray-dried nanoemulsion containing Asiatic acid-Palm oil in high salt diet-fed rats

Asiatic acid (AA) is a compound isolated from Centella asiatica, which possesses significant antihypertensive activity. Several studies have shown that its hypertensive activity can be attributed to various mechanisms, such as Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) inhibition in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway. Meanwhile, palm oil (PO) is an antioxidant, which has proven to have synergistic effects with the compound by preventing arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Despite these synergistic effects, AA dosage in antihypertensive therapy has been reported to be relatively high compared to the common synthetic drug captopril. Therefore, this study aimed to produce spray-dried powder of nanoemulsion to enhance the solubility of AA, decrease the possibility of oxidation, and increase its activity. Redispersed AA nanoparticles were also successfully obtained during the synthesis process. Several evaluations were carried out, including particle size, particle distribution, zeta potential, cell viability, and antihypertensive activity in rats to ensure the improvement of physicochemical characteristics and activity as antihypertensive agent. The results showed that AA succeeded in forming nanoemulsion with excipients. In addition, it was encapsulated in a maltodextrin carrier, exhibiting good physicochemical characteristics and safety to the Caco-2 cells. The redispersion of the spray-dried powder yielded nanoparticles with a size of 217.4 ± 10.196 nm. The spray-dried nanoemulsion of AA also had faster effect than non-formulated AA (raw powder) in lowering the blood pressure of hypertensive Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats

Construction of network pharmacology-based approach and potential mechanism from major components of Coriander sativum L. against COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Despite the fact that various therapeutic compounds have shown potential prevention or treatment, no specific medicine has been developed for the COVID-19 pandemic. Natural products have recently been suggested as a possible treatment option for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. This study focused on the potential of Coriander sativum L. (CSL) against COVID-19 based on network pharmacology approach. Interested candidates of CSL were identified by searching accessible databases for protein–protein interactions with the COVID-19. An additional GO and KEGG pathway analysis was carried out in order to identify the related mechanism of action. In the end, 51 targets were obtained through network pharmacology analysis with EGFR, AR, JAK2, PARP1, and CTSB become the core target. CSL may have favorable effects on COVID-19 through a number of important pathways, according to GO and KEGG pathway analyses. These findings suggest that CSL may prevent and inhibit the several processes related to COVID-19

In Vitro Test of Anticalculi Effect from Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Chives Leaf (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ability of chives leaves of ethyl acetate fraction to dissolve calcium in human kidney stones. This research starts from making the ethyl acetate fraction, calibration curve for calcium and measuring dissolved calcium levels in kidney stones by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction with a concentration of 2.5% had the greatest anti-calculi capability of 92.02%. The conclusion of this study is that the ethyl acetate fraction of chives leaf has the potential to be anticalculi in the treatment of kidney stones.   Abstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan fraksi etil asetat daun kucai  untuk melarutkan kalsium pada batu ginjal manusia. Penelitian ini dimulai dari pembuatan fraksi etil asetat, pembuatan kurva kalibrasi kalsium serta pengukuran kadar kalsium terlarut pada batu ginjal dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri serapan atom. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat dengan konsentrasi 2,5 % memiliki kemampuan antikalkuli yang terbesar yakni 92,02%. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa fraksi etil asetat daun kucai berpotensi sebagai antikalkuli pada pengobatan batu ginjal. &nbsp