PENGEMBANGAN DAN VALIDASI METODE KROMATOGRAFI CAIR KINERJA TINGGI PADA ANALISIS ANDROGRAFOLIDA DALAM BAHAN BAKU DAN TABLET FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT Andrographis paniculata .

Ethyl acetat fractions from Andrographis paniculata has been developed as phytopharmaceutical products. Andrographolide which is the major active compound of Andrographis paniculata was determined as marker compund of ethyl acetate fractions of Andrographis paniculata products. To ensure the quality, efficacy and safety of the phytopharmaceutical products, a simple and selective analytical method becomes important for the determination of andrographolide in both the raw materials and products. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a simple and selective High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for determination andrographolide in raw material and tablet etil acetate fractions Andrographis paniculata. This method was performed using a RP-C18 Column (3.0 x 50 mm i.d., 2.7μm parcticle size) as stationary phase, column temperature was maintained at 30⁰C, isocratic mobile phase of metanol : water (pH 3.05 with phosporic acid) (50:50 v/v) mobile phase with flow rate of 0.3 ml/menit, injection volume 0,5μl and detected at 228 nm. The results showed that method was selective to separate andrographolide peak from other component with good resolution, retention time andrographolide was 2,5 minute. The data for calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.9996 in the concentration range 50-1000 ppm. The limit of detection and Quantification were found 4.89 ppm and 16.19 ppm, respectively. The recovery method was found between 93.76 and 101.72% and the relative standard deviation method was found between 1.60% and 2.39%

Penyuluhan Mengenai Bahan Tambahan Pangan Pengawet dan Pewarna kepada Siswa SMP Singosari Kabupaten Malang

Produk makanan dapat mengandung Bahan Tambahan Pangan (BTP) pengawet dan pewarna. Pengawet makanan bertujuan untuk mencegah penguraian mikroba dan Pewarna makanan bertujuan untuk memberi warna atau memperbaiki warna makanan. Penggunaan BTP memiliki batasan tertentu agar tidak berefek terhadap kesehatan saat digunakan untuk membuat makanan dan saat dikonsumsi setiap hari oleh masyarakat. Selain itu, terdapat BTP pengawet dan pewarna yang tidak diperbolehkan oleh BPOM karena membahayakan kesehatan. Tujuan Pengabdian Masyarakat ini untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) terhadap BTP pengawet dan pewarna. Tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat melaksanakan penyuluhan dan mengevaluasi tingkat pengetahuan siswa di SMP Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang. Hasil uji Pretest dan Posttest dengan metode Wilcoxon pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% menunjukan perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan. Peningkatan pengetahuan ditunjukan dari meningkatnya hasil rata-rata posttest dibandingkan pretest

Examining Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as Artificial Coarse Aggregates in Concrete

This study aims to examine the effect of recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) artificial aggregate as a substitute for coarse aggregate on the compressive strength and flexural strength, and the volume weight of the concrete. PET plastic waste is recycled by heating to a boiling point of approximately 300°C. There are five variations of concrete mixtures, defined the percentage of PET artificial aggregate to the total coarse aggregate, by 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Tests carried out on fresh concrete mixtures are slump, bleeding, and segregation tests. Compressive and flexural strength tests proceeded based on ASTM 39/C39M-99 and ASTM C293-79 standards at the age of 28 days. The results showed that the use of PET artificial aggregate could improve the workability of the concrete mixture. The effect of PET artificial aggregate as a substitute for coarse aggregate on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete is considered very significant. The higher the percentage of PET plastic artificial aggregate, the lower the compressive and flexural strength, and the volume weight, of the concrete. Substitution of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of PET artificial aggregate gave decreases in compressive strength of 30.06, 32.39, 41.73 and 44.06% of the compressive strength of the standard concrete (18.20 MPa), respectively. The reductions in flexural strength were by respectively 19.03, 54.50, 53.95 and 61.00% of the standard concrete's flexural strength (3.59 MPa). The reductions in volume weight of concrete were by respectively 8.45, 17.71, 25.07 and 34.60% of the weight of the standard concrete volume of 2335.4 kg/m3 Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091626 Full Text: PD

A study of the quality of cardiovascular and diabetes medicines in Malang District, Indonesia, using exposure-based sampling

BACKGROUND: The WHO has warned that substandard and falsified medicines threaten health, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the magnitude of that threat for many medicines in different regions is not well described, and high-quality studies remain rare. Recent reviews of studies of cardiovascular and diabetes medicine quality recorded that 15.4% of cardiovascular and 6.8% of diabetes samples failed at least one quality test. Review authors warn that study quality was mixed. Because they did not record medicine volume, no study reflected the risk posed to patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We investigated the quality of five medicines for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Malang district, East Java, Indonesia. Our sample frame, based on dispensing volumes by outlet and price category, included sampling from public and private providers and pharmacies and reflected the potential risk posed to patients. The content of active ingredient was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and compared with the labelled content. Dissolution testing was also performed. We collected a total of 204 samples: amlodipine (88); captopril (22); furosemide (21); glibenclamide (21) and simvastatin (52), comprising 83 different brands/products. All were manufactured in Indonesia, and all samples met specifications for both assay and dissolution. None was suspected of being falsified. CONCLUSIONS: While we cannot conclude that the prevalence of poor-quality medicines in Malang district is zero, our sampling method, which reflects likely exposure to specific brands and outlets, suggests that the risk to patients is very low; certainly nothing like the rates found in recent reviews of surveys in LMICs. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of sampling medicines based on likely exposure to specific products and underlines the dangers of extrapolating results across countries

Civilizational Populism in Indonesia: The Case of Front Pembela Islam (FPI)

This article examines whether a ‘civilizational turn’ has occurred among populist movements in Indonesia. It focuses on the civilizational elements in the populist discourse of the Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defender Front/FPI) in Indonesia. The article traces the FPI’s history and growing influence on politics and society in Indonesia in the 2010s. This article argues that the FPI has instrumentalized religious discourse, and through it divided Indonesian society into three groups: the virtuous ummah, corrupt elites, and immoral internal and external non-Muslim enemies, especially the civilizational bloc ‘the West’. This instrumentalization gained the group a degree of popularity in the second decade of the post-Suharto period and strengthened its political power and ability to bargain with mainstream political parties. The article uses the FPI’s actions and discourse during the Ahok affair to demonstrate the civilizational turn in Indonesian populism. The article shows how the FPI grew in power during the Ahok affair, in which a Christian Chinese politician, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, was accused of blasphemy by Indonesian Islamists and later convicted on the same charge by an Indonesian court. The FPI was a leading part of a broad coalition of Islamist groups and individuals which called for Ahok to be charged with blasphemy; charges which were eventually laid and which led to Ahok being sentenced to two years imprisonment. The FPI, the article shows, framed Ahok as a non-Muslim Christian and therefore a ‘foreign’ enemy who was spreading moral corruption in Indonesia, governing ‘elites’ as complacent in combating immorality and positioned themselves as defenders of ‘the people’ or ummah. From the security perspective of the state, the FPI presented a critical threat that required containing. As a result of the growing power of the group, the FPI was banned in 2020 and Rizieq was imprisoned, while Ahok was politically rehabilitated by the Widodo government. Although the FPI’s banning is considered the most effective nonpermanent solution for the state, there is evidence that the FPI’s discourse has been adopted by mainstream political actors. This article, then, finds that the growth of the FPI during the second decade of the post-Suharto period, and their actions in leading the persecution of Ahok, demonstrates a civilizational turn in Indonesian Islamist populism

Civilizational Populism in Indonesia: The Case of Front Pembela Islam (FPI)

This article examines whether a ‘civilizational turn’ has occurred among populist movements in Indonesia. It focuses on the civilizational elements in the populist discourse of the Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defender Front/FPI) in Indonesia. The article traces the FPI’s history and growing influence on politics and society in Indonesia in the 2010s. This article argues that the FPI has instrumentalized religious discourse, and through it divided Indonesian society into three groups: the virtuous ummah, corrupt elites, and immoral internal and external non-Muslim enemies, especially the civilizational bloc ‘the West’. This instrumentalization gained the group a degree of popularity in the second decade of the post-Suharto period and strengthened its political power and ability to bargain with mainstream political parties. The article uses the FPI’s actions and discourse during the Ahok affair to demonstrate the civilizational turn in Indonesian populism. The article shows how the FPI grew in power during the Ahok affair, in which a Christian Chinese politician, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, was accused of blasphemy by Indonesian Islamists and later convicted on the same charge by an Indonesian court. The FPI was a leading part of a broad coalition of Islamist groups and individuals which called for Ahok to be charged with blasphemy; charges which were eventually laid and which led to Ahok being sentenced to two years imprisonment. The FPI, the article shows, framed Ahok as a non-Muslim Christian and therefore a ‘foreign’ enemy who was spreading moral corruption in Indonesia, governing ‘elites’ as complacent in combating immorality and positioned themselves as defenders of ‘the people’ or ummah. From the security perspective of the state, the FPI presented a critical threat that required containing. As a result of the growing power of the group, the FPI was banned in 2020 and Rizieq was imprisoned, while Ahok was politically rehabilitated by the Widodo government. Although the FPI’s banning is considered the most effective nonpermanent solution for the state, there is evidence that the FPI’s discourse has been adopted by mainstream political actors. This article, then, finds that the growth of the FPI during the second decade of the post-Suharto period, and their actions in leading the persecution of Ahok, demonstrates a civilizational turn in Indonesian Islamist populism

Penentuan Indeks Selektivitas Antimalaria Ekstrak N-Hek- sana Batang Kayu Songga (Strychnos lucida) Terhadap Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Sensitif Klorokuin Secara In-vitro.

Batang Kayu Songga (Strychnos lucida) merupakan salahsatu tanaman obat yang secara empiris telah digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat berbagai macam jenis penyakit salah satunya sebagai antimalaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi aktivitas antimalaria dan toksisitas dari Batang Kayu Songga (Strychnos lucida) terhadap Plasmodium falciparum dan sel normal (Vero cell line). Kayu Songga diekstraksi menggunakan n-heksana. Masing-masing seri konsentrasi ekstrak Batang Kayu Songga (100; 10; 1; 0,1; 0,01 μg/mL) dan klorokuin (100; 10; 1; 0,1; 0,01; 0,001 ; 0,0001 μg/mL) diuji aktivitas antimalaria terhadap Plasmodium falciparum dan uji toksisitas terhadap sel Vero (ginjal monyet hijau Afrika) dengan seri konsentrasi (0,01; 0,1; 1; 10; 100; 0,01 μg/mL) menggunakan metode MTT. Aktivitas antimalaria Batang Kayu Songga (Strychnos lucida) dan Klorokuin dalam menghambat Plasmodium falciparum berdasarkan nilai IC50 berturut-turut yaitu 0,016 dan 0,000 μg/mL. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara aktivitas antimalaria ekstrak n-heksana Batang Kayu Songga (Strychnos lucida) dengan klorokuin (t test, p = 0,118). Selain itu, Batang Kayu Songga (Strychnos lucida) memilki perbedaan toksisitas terhadap sel Vero (ginjal monyet hijau Afrika) dengan nilai CC50 247,26 μg/mL, serta memiliki nilai SI sebesar 15.454,315 μg/mL. Ekstrak n-heksana batang kayu songga dinyatakan selektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Plasmodium falciparum dan aman terhadap sel normal nilai SI > 10

Penetapan Kadar Antosianin dalam Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus), Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L), dan Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis.

Indonesia kaya akan sumber daya alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku obat-obatan diantaranya kulit buah naga (Hylocereus Polyrhizus), kulit buah manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L), dan kayu secang (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan alami bagi tubuh berdasarkan kandungan antosianin yang terkandung di dalamnya. Antosianin adalah senyawa polar yang cenderung lebih stabil dalam suasana asam. Antosianin dapat bermanfaat sebagai penangkal radikal bebas, sehingga berperan dalam mencegah terjadinya penyakit degeneratif seperti kanker, diabetes, dan lainnya. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kadar total antosianin yang terkandung di dalam ekstrak kulit buah naga, kulit buah manggis, dan kayu secang dengan metode pH differensial spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Sampel masing-masing ditambahkan etanol 96% yang telah diasamkan dengan HCl 3%. Penentuan kadar antosianin berdasarkan metode pH differensial spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Analisa data hasil penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan analisa ragam (One Way ANOVA) dengan nilai signifikansi 5%. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc Tukey. Hasil pada uji One Way ANOVA dan uji Post-Hoc didapatkan hasil p<0.05 yang berarti data berbeda secara bermakna. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kadar total antosianin yang terkandung dalam ekstrak kulit buah naga, kulit buah manggis, dan kayu secang secara berurutan ialah 0.104 g/100 gram, 0.208 g/100 gram, dan 0,056 g/100 gram. Kadar total antosianin tertinggi diperoleh pada ekstrak kulit buah manggis

Uji Toksisitas Akut Oral Ekstrak Etanol 80% Batang Songga (Strychnos lucida R. Br) Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Dan Histopatologi Pankreas Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Galur Wistar.

Tanaman songga (Strychnos lucida R. Br) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai tanaman herbal. Secara ilmiah songga berkhasiat sebagai antimalaria, antibakteri, antikanker dan antidiabetes. Songga memiliki banyak metabolit sekunder salah satunya yaitu alkaloid (strychnine dan brucine) yang bersifat toksik. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan pengujian toksisitas untuk menentukan LD50 pada pemberian ekstrak etanol 80% batang songga menggunakan metode fixed dose dengan dosis 5, 50, 300, dan 2000 mg/kgBB. Hewan coba yang digunakan yaitu tikus betina (Rattus norvegicus) sebanyak 18 ekor dan terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan LD50 sebesar 2000 mg/kgBB. Hasil uji statistik Kruskal-Wallis dan di lanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p>0,05) ekstrak etanol batang songga terhadap peningkatan maupun penurunan gula darah tikus kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Hasil uji statistik one-way ANOVA menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p>0,05) ekstrak etanol batang songga tidak menyebabkan kerusakan yang signifikan terhadap histopatologi pankreas. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etaanol batang songga mempunyai kisaran LD50 >2000 mg/kgBB dengan kategori 5 yang artinya toksik ringan