Svojstva stvaranja sposobnosti prilagodbe janjadi prvog dana života

New-born lambs are subjected to significant loads during rearing with the existing technologies of sheep farming. The stability and ability to adapt of newborn animals is not the same and is conditioned by different functional maturity, low resistance, and high susceptibility to extreme biotic and abiotic factors. Because of this, their physiological condition deteriorates, the body defenses decrease, which most often leads to a decrease in productivity, an increase in morbidity and mortality. Knowledge about the development of the clinical condition and thermoregulation in lambs during early ontogenesis is quite limited, which determines the relevance and expediency of the work conducted, the purpose of which was to investigate the peculiarities of the formation of adaptive capacity in newborn lambs during the first day of postnatal rearing. As part of the experiment, it has been determined that the body temperature of the lambs on the first day after birth varied with different intensity from the initial value. This was affected by the differences in the modules of its deviation, which made it possible to distinguish three groups with different levels of thermoregulation processes. Lambs of group I were the most viable, which were born with 5.1 and 9.9% more live weight at a higher metabolic rate of 1.0378 vs. 1.0331 and 1.0300 in lambs of groups II and III and reliably higher by 5.0 and 14.9% of pulse rate parameters and 4.7 and 27.7% of breathing rhythm, thereby ensuring sufficient functioning of thermoregulation mechanisms. It was found that the level and nature of the correlation between live weight and physiological indicators (live weight, pulse and breathing rates) indicate the multi-vector relationship in lambs with different body temperature deviation modules. These dependencies were especially clearly manifested in individuals of the group I (r=-0.522; r=0.362; r=0.707, respectively). It was recorded that the microclimate in the room for keeping ewes and newborn lambs in terms of hydrogen sulfide content almost twice exceeded the technological norm of industry-specific process engineering standard, while other zoohygienic parameters approached its upper limit.Tijekom uzgoja s postojećim tehnologijama uzgoja ovaca novorođena janjad podložna je znatnim opterećenjima. Stabilnost i sposobnost prilagodbe novorođenih životinja nije ista i uvjetovana je različitom funkcionalnom zrelošću, niskom otpornošću i visokom prijemčivošću na ekstremne biotičke i abiotičke čimbenike, iz tog razloga se njihovo fiziološko stanje pogoršava, smanjuje se obrambeni mehanizam organizma, a to najčešće dovodi do smanjene produktivnosti, povećanja morbiditeta i smrtnosti. Znanje o razvoju kliničkog stanja i termoregulaciji u janjadi tijekom rane ontogeneze prilično je ograničeno, a to određuje relevantnost i hitnost obavljenog rada čija je svrha istražiti posebnosti stvaranja sposobnosti prilagodbe u novorođene janjadi tijekom prvog dana uzgoja nakon janjenja. Kao dio eksperimenta, utvrđeno je da je tjelesna temperatura janjadi prvog dana nakon janjenja u odnosu na početnu vrijednost varirala različitim intenzitetom. Na to su utjecale razlike u modulima odstupanja koje su omogućile razlikovanje tri skupine s različitim razinama procesa termoregulacije. Janjad iz skupine I bila je najodrživija, a ojanjena je s 5,1 i 9,9 % više žive vage uz veću metaboličku stopu od 1,0378 u usporedbi s 1,0331 i 1,0300 u janjadi iz skupine II i III te s pouzdano višim parametrima srčane frekvencije za 5,0 i 14,9 % i stope disanja 4,7 i 27,7 %, čime je osigurano dostatno funkcioniranje mehanizama termoregulacije. Otkriveno je da razina i narav korelacije između žive vage i fizioloških indikatora (živa vaga, srčana frekvencija i stopa disanja) ukazuju na multi-vektorski odnos u janjadi s različitim modulima odstupanja tjelesne temperature. Ove su se ovisnosti posebno jasno očitovale u janjadi iz skupine I (r = -0,522; r = 0,362; odnosno r= 0,707). Zabilježeno je da je mikroklima u prostoriji za držanje ovaca i novorođene janjadi, u smislu udjela sumporovodika, bila gotovo dva put veća od tehnološke norme standarda procesnog inženjeringa specifičnog za industriju, dok su drugi zoo-higijenski parametri bili blizu gornje granice

Revealing changes in the technical parameters of the teat cup liners of milking machines during testing and production conditions

To implement effective cow milking, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the milk flow process, the milking machine's adaptability to perform the given technological functions. The aim of research is to establish changes in the design and technological parameters and physical and mechanical properties of teat cup liner of milking machines during its testing and in production conditions. The results obtained will make it possible to make a rational choice of rubber, ensure an efficient milking process during its service life. It is found that the tensile strength of silicone teat cup liner at the beginning of operation was 1.6 times higher than that of a rubber compound, and after 6 months. operation – 1.7 times. With respect to the relative elongation, this difference was 1.4 times, and after operating time – 1.3 times. Studies have proven that rubber during operation changes its physical and mechanical properties: the length of the active part increased by 3.1 mm; wall thickness – 0.2 mm. It is found that the most intensively elastic properties of teat cup liner changed during the first 10–20 days. After 10 days, the closing vacuum increased by 16.6 % compared to the initial one, and after 20 days by 23.3 %, which amounted to 8.57 and 9.06 kPa, respectively. Up to 420 hours of operation, the clamping vacuum reached 11.3 kPa, which is 5.8 % lower than the requirements for toughening teat cup liner for rejection. In general, over the period of experiments, the average value of the vacuum of closing the opposite walls of teat cup liner increased from 7.35 to 12.43 kPa, which is 3.6 % higher than the norm (12 kPa). As a result of experimental studies, the regularity of the rubber tension force depending on the operating time in the form of a fourth degree polynomial is obtained. It is found that after 150 hours of operation, the tensile force of teat cup liner decreased by 21 

Revealing Changes in the Technical Parameters of the Teat Cup Liners of Milking Machines During Testing and Production Conditions

To implement effective cow milking, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the milk flow process, the milking machine's adaptability to perform the given technological functions. The aim of research is to establish changes in the design and technological parameters and physical and mechanical properties of teat cup liner of milking machines during its testing and in production conditions. The results obtained will make it possible to make a rational choice of rubber, ensure an efficient milking process during its service life. It is found that the tensile strength of silicone teat cup liner at the beginning of operation was 1.6 times higher than that of a rubber compound, and after 6 months. operation – 1.7 times. With respect to the relative elongation, this difference was 1.4 times, and after operating time – 1.3 times. Studies have proven that rubber during operation changes its physical and mechanical properties: the length of the active part increased by 3.1 mm; wall thickness – 0.2 mm. It is found that the most intensively elastic properties of teat cup liner changed during the first 10–20 days. After 10 days, the closing vacuum increased by 16.6 % compared to the initial one, and after 20 days by 23.3 %, which amounted to 8.57 and 9.06 kPa, respectively. Up to 420 hours of operation, the clamping vacuum reached 11.3 kPa, which is 5.8 % lower than the requirements for toughening teat cup liner for rejection. In general, over the period of experiments, the average value of the vacuum of closing the opposite walls of teat cup liner increased from 7.35 to 12.43 kPa, which is 3.6 % higher than the norm (12 kPa). As a result of experimental studies, the regularity of the rubber tension force depending on the operating time in the form of a fourth degree polynomial is obtained. It is found that after 150 hours of operation, the tensile force of teat cup liner decreased by 21 

Cleaving C-H bonds with hyperthermal H2: Facile chemistry to cross-link organic molecules under low chemical- and energy-loads

A facile method for cross-linking organic molecules has been developed by computational modeling, instrumentation design, and experimental research. Briefly, organic molecules are hit by H2 with controllable kinetic energy in our novel apparatus where a high flux of hyperthermal H2 is generated. When a C-H bond of the organic molecule is hit by H2 at about 20 eV, efficient kinematic energy-transfer in the H2→H collision facilitates the C-H dissociation with nearly 100% reaction probability. When H2 hits other atoms which are by nature much heavier than H2, mass disparity bars effective energy transfer and this both blocks undesirable bond dissociation and reduces unnecessary energy wastage. The recombination of the carbon radicals generated by the C-H cleavage efficiently completes the production of C-C cross-links at room temperature with no additional energy/chemicals requirements. In addition to these green chemistry merits, this new method is better than other cross-linking techniques which rely on prerequisite reactions to add cross-linkers to the organic molecules or additional reactants and additives. These promising features are validated by several cross-linking trials which demonstrate desirable mechanical, electrical, chemical, and biochemical changes while inducing no undesirable damage of chemical functionalities in the original molecules. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry