13 research outputs found
Long-term assessment of wild boar harvesting and cattle removal for bovine tuberculosis control in free ranging populations
Wild boar is a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in the Mediterranean ecosystems, but information is scarce outside of hotspots in southern Spain. We describe the first high-prevalence focus of TB in a non-managed wild boar population in northern Spain and the result of eight years of TB management. Measures implemented for disease control included the control of the local wild boar population through culling and stamping out of a sympatric infected cattle herd. Post-mortem inspection for detection of tuberculosis-like lesions as well as cultures from selected head and cervical lymph nodes was done in 745 wild boar, 355 Iberian ibexes and five cattle between 2004 and 2012. The seasonal prevalence of TB reached 70% amongst adult wild boar and ten different spoligotypes and 13 MIRU-VNTR profiles were detected, although more than half of the isolates were included in the same clonal complex. Only 11% of infected boars had generalized lesions. None of the ibexes were affected, supporting their irrelevance in the epidemiology of TB. An infected cattle herd grazed the zone where 168 of the 197 infected boars were harvested. Cattle removal and wild boar culling together contributed to a decrease in TB prevalence. The need for holistic, sustained over time, intensive and adapted TB control strategies taking into account the multi-host nature of the disease is highlighted. The potential risk for tuberculosis emergence in wildlife scenarios where the risk is assumed to be low should be addressed
A multicentre analysis of Nocardia pneumonia in Spain: 2010-2016
Objective: To analyse all cases of Nocardia pneumonia occurring between 2010 and 2016 in five Spanish hospitals. Methods: This was a retrospective observational analysis of clinical and microbiological data collected from 55 cases of Nocardia pneumonia. Results: There were one to 20 cases per hospital and six to nine cases per year. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and asthma were the main predisposing underlying respiratory conditions. Thirty-four patients were receiving systemic and/or inhaled corticosteroids prior to infection, eight had neoplasia, and six had haematological malignancies. Clinical and radiological findings were common to pneumonia of other infectious aetiologies, except for the frequent presence of nodules and cavitation. Overall, the 1-year mortality was high (38.2%), and mortality was directly related to the pulmonary disease in 15 patients (27.3%). The most frequently identified species were N. cyriacigeorgica (n = 21), N. abscessus (n = 8), and N. farcinica (n = 5). All Nocardia isolates were susceptible to linezolid and all but two were susceptible to amikacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions: Nocardia pneumonia-associated mortality remains high, probably because of the debilitated status of patients in whom this pathogen is able to cause pulmonary infection
Evaluation of Interferon-Gamma Release Assays in the Diagnosis of Recent Tuberculosis Infection in Health Care Workers
BACKGROUND:Health care workers (HCWs) are a group at risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The aims of this study were to determine IFN-gamma response by QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In Tube (QFN-G-IT) and T-SPOT.TB in HCWs, comparing the results with tuberculin skin test (TST); and to analyze the capacity of IFN-gamma tests to detect recent versus remote LTBI with a prolonged stimulation test (PST). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:A total of 147 HCWs were enrolled; 23 of whom were BCG vaccinated. 95 HCWs (64.6%) had a previous positive TST and were not retested; and 52 HCWs had a previous negative TST or were tested for the first time. When we analysed individuals without previous positive TST, the number of positive results for T-SPOT.TB was 12/52 (23.1%); and for QFN-G-IT, 9/52 (17.3%). The global concordance (kappa) between T-SPOT.TB and QFN-G-IT with TST was 0.754 and 0.929 respectively. Of individuals with previous positive TST, T-SPOT.TB and QFN-G-IT were negative in 51.6% (49/95) and 62.1% (59/95) respectively, decreasing the concordance to 0.321 and 0.288, respectively. In non-BCG vaccinated HCWs with previous positive TST a positive IFN-gamma test was associated with degree of exposure and diameter of TST. PST was performed in 24 HCW with previous positive TST and negative IFN-gamma tests. PST was developed in 3 cell cultures stimulated with medium alone, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, respectively. In the third and sixth day of incubation period, part of the supernatants were replaced with complete medium supplemented with (rIL)-2. On day 9, ELISPOT assay was performed. In 14 samples PST was not valid due to not having enough cells. In 8 cases, the response was negative, and in 2 cases positive, suggesting that these patients were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in some point in the past. CONCLUSIONS:Both IFN-gamma tests showed a similar number of positive results, and concordance between the tests was excellent. None of the tests was affected by prior BCG vaccination. IFN-gamma tests are a useful tool for detecting recent infection in HCW population
Characterization and Factors Associated with Poor Asthma Control in Adults with Severe Eosinophilic Asthma
A study was conducted in 98 adult patients diagnosed with severe eosinophilic asthma (73.5% women, mean age 47.2 years) and followed prospectively for 1 year. The aim of the study was to characterize this population and to identify factors associated with poor prognosis at 1 year of follow-up. At the initial visit, uncontrolled severe asthma was diagnosed in 87.7% of patients. Allergic sensitization was observed in 81.7% (polysensitization in 17.3%), with clinically significant allergic asthma in 45%. The mean percentage of sputum eosinophils was 4.7% (standard deviation(SD) 6.3%) and the mean (SD) blood eosinophil count 467 (225) cells/”L. Almost half of the patients (48.3%) had sputum eosinophilia (>3% eosinophils). Sputum eosinophils correlated significantly with peripheral eosinophilia (p = 0.004) and, to a lesser extent, with fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) (p = 0.04). After 1 year, 48 patients (49%) had uncontrolled asthma in all visits, and 50 (51%) had controlled asthma in some visits. Airway obstruction (FEV < 80% predicted) was the main reason for uncontrolled asthma. In the multivariate analysis, an obstructive pattern (odds ratio (OR) 7.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.41-23.03, p < 0.0001) and the patient's age (OR 1.045, 95% CI 1.005-1.086, p = 0.026) were independent predictors of poor asthma control. In adult-onset and long-standing asthma, serum interleukin (IL) IL-17 was higher in the uncontrolled asthma group. This study contributes to characterizing patients with severe eosinophilic asthma in real-world clinical practice
Long-Term Assessment of Wild Boar Harvesting and Cattle Removal for Bovine Tuberculosis Control in Free Ranging Populations
Wild boar is a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in the Mediterranean ecosystems, but information is scarce outside of hotspots in southern Spain. We describe the first high-prevalence focus of TB in a non-managed wild boar population in northern Spain and the result of eight years of TB management. Measures implemented for disease control included the control of the local wild boar population through culling and stamping out of a sympatric infected cattle herd. Post-mortem inspection for detection of tuberculosis-like lesions as well as cultures from selected head and cervical lymph nodes was done in 745 wild boar, 355 Iberian ibexes and five cattle between 2004 and 2012. The seasonal prevalence of TB reached 70% amongst adult wild boar and ten different spoligotypes and 13 MIRU-VNTR profiles were detected, although more than half of the isolates were included in the same clonal complex. Only 11% of infected boars had generalized lesions. None of the ibexes were affected, supporting their irrelevance in the epidemiology of TB. An infected cattle herd grazed the zone where 168 of the 197 infected boars were harvested. Cattle removal and wild boar culling together contributed to a decrease in TB prevalence. The need for holistic, sustained over time, intensive and adapted TB control strategies taking into account the multi-host nature of the disease is highlighted. The potential risk for tuberculosis emergence in wildlife scenarios where the risk is assumed to be low should be addressed
Association between tuberculosis risk factors and positive T-SPOT.TB and <i>QuantiFERON</i>-TB Gold <i>In Tube</i> results in non BCG vaccinated subjects with previous positive tuberculin skin test (nâ=â70) by means of univariate and multivariate analysis.
<p>CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.</p>1<p>Tuberculosis;</p>2<p>Tuberculin skin test;</p>3<p>Health care worker;</p>4<p>Quanti<i>FERON</i>-TB Gold <i>In Tube</i>.</p
Agreement between the tuberculin skin test, T-SPOT.TB and <i>QuantiFERON</i>-TB Gold <i>In Tube</i> in the different group of patients (excluding indeterminate results).
<p>SE: standard error.</p>1<p>Tuberculin skin test;</p>2<p>Quanti<i>FERON</i>-TB Gold <i>In Tube</i>.</p
Association between tuberculosis risk factors and positive tuberculin skin test, T-SPOT.TB and <i>QuantiFERON</i>-TB Gold <i>In Tube</i> results by means of univariate analysis.
<p>NS: Non significant differences; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.</p>1<p>Tuberculin skin test;</p>2<p>Quanti<i>FERON</i>-TB Gold <i>In Tube</i>;</p>3<p>Health care worker.</p
El hospital como centro promotor de espacios sin humo: Estrategias dirigidas al control del tabaquismo
The objective of this study was to describe the measures
introduced at the Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol,
Barcelona, aimed at achieving a smoke-free environment,
and encouraging research, training, and clinical approaches
with respect to smoking. The experience gained as
a center attached to the Catalan Network of Smokeless
Hospitals since 2002 shows that preventing and controlling
smoking requires a specific agenda developed by a
competent committee comprising workers from all hospital
areas. Likewise, coordination with other centers in
the network is essential as it permits the sharing of experiences.
The involvement of hospital management is critical
for the effective introduction of health protection and
promotion strategies, both in workers and in users. The
raising of awareness and the ongoing training of all health
workers and coordination with other health care providers
in the health network are the main aspects that require
strengthening in the future.El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las medidas
llevadas a cabo en el Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol de
Barcelona, destinadas a conseguir un entorno libre de
humo, asĂ como al desarrollo de actividades de investigaciĂłn,
formaciĂłn y abordaje clĂnico en relaciĂłn al tabaquismo.
La experiencia como centro adherido a la Red
Catalana de Hospitales Sin Humo desde 2002 nos revela
que para la prevenciĂłn y control del tabaquismo es necesaria
una agenda especĂfica desarrollada por un ComitĂ©
competente, compuesto por trabajadores de diferentes estamentos
y servicios del centro. Del mismo modo, consideramos
fundamental la coordinaciĂłn con otros centros
de la Red que permita compartir experiencias, asĂ como
la implicaciĂłn de la DirecciĂłn del Centro para la implementaciĂłn
efectiva de las estrategias de promociĂłn y protecciĂłn
de la salud, tanto en los trabajadores como en los
usuarios. La sensibilizaciĂłn y formaciĂłn continuada de
todo el personal sanitario y la coordinaciĂłn con otros servicios
proveedores de salud de la red sanitaria se perfilan
como los principales puntos a reforzar en el futuro