Propuesta para la automatización de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de los procesos de producción.

Proyecto de Graduación (Bachiller en Ingeniería en Mantenimiento Industrial) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Electromecánica, 2002Este proyecto se divide, principalmente, en cuarto capítulos, que cumplen un objetivo claro dentro del contexto general del proyecto de graduación que la carrera elegida demanda. En el primer capítulo se hace una descripción de la empresa para que el lector pueda tener una idea de las principales características organizacionales y del proceso que esta industria realiza. En el segundo capítulo se describen las características del Departamento de Mantenimiento, entre ellas, su estructura organizacional y sus responsabilidades. El tercer capítulo trata acerca del proyecto administrativo realizado en la bodega de repuestos del Departamento de Mantenimiento, en el cual se hicieron una organización general de ella y el cálculo de los máximos y mínimos de los repuestos y suministros. En este capítulo se detallan los pasos por seguir para realizar un buena codificación, ubicación y distribución de los estantes, los tipos de documentación necesaria para el buen manejo de la bodega y la forma de calcular los máximos y mínimos de los repuestos. En el cuarto capítulo se elabora una propuesta para la automatización de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales en una industria farmacéutica. En este capítulo se indicara los procesos por medio de los cuales se realiza el tratamiento de las aguas, y se hace una descripción física de la planta. También se incluyen los respectivos diagramas de flujos elaborados para realizar la programación del PLC, así como la descripción de todos los equipos por utilizar y su respectivo estudio económico.Laboratorios Stei

Novel Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives from Furan-2-Carbaldehyde: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structures, and Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Antitumor Activities

Ten new thiosemicarbazone derivatives, furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (1), 3-methyl-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (2), 5-hydroxymethyl-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3), 5-trifluoromethyl-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (4), 5-nitro-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (5), 5-phenyl-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (6), 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (7), 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (8), 5-(1-naphthyl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (9), and 5-(1H-Pyrazol-5-yl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (10) were synthesized by condensing thiosemicarbazide with the respective furan-2-carbaldehyde in methanol. The prepared compounds were characterized by spectroscopic studies (FT-IR and NMR) and electrospray mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of 2, 6, 7, and 8 have also been determined by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 2, 6, and 7 crystallize in the E conformation about the N1-C6, N1-C11, and N1-C11 bonds, respectively, while 8 adopts the Z conformation about the N1-C12 bond with the presence of an intramolecular N2-H.O2 hydrogen bond. All prepared thiosemicarbazone derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities against Staphylococcus aureus strains, Candida albicans/Candida tropicalis fungi, and seven human tumor cell lines (HuTu80, H460, DU145, M-14, HT-29, MCF-7, and LNCaP), respectively. The antioxidant activity was also studied by the DPPH assay. Compound 5 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC700699 (MIC = 1 µg/mL) compared to the nitrofurantoin and gentamicin reference drugs (MIC = 1-25 and 10->100 µg/mL, respectively). Compound 4 was ten times less active than amphotericin B (MIC = 5 µg/mL) against Candida albicans (ATCC90028 and ATCC10231), while 1 exhibited a moderate effect of scavenging of DPPH radical (IC50 = 40.9 µg/mL) in comparison to ascorbic acid reference compound (IC50 = 22.0 µg/mL). Among all the studied thiosemicarbazones, 5 showed a higher cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 13.36-27.73 µ¿) in relation to the other tested compounds (IC50 = 34.84 - >372.34 µ¿) against all tested cell lines, except the LNCaP cell line, exhibiting its highest antiproliferative activity (IC50 = 13.36 µ¿) on the HuTu80 cell line. Besides, 8 and 9 exhibited high antitumor activity (IC50 = 13.31 and 7.69 µ¿, respectively) against the LNCaP cells.Revisión por pare

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Structural Studies, and in Vitro Antitumor Activities of Pyridine-3-carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives

Eight new thiosemicarbazone derivatives, 6-(1-trifluoroethoxy)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (1), 6-(4'-fluorophenyl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (2), 5-chloro-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3), 2-chloro-5-bromo-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (4), 6-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (5), 2-chloro-5-fluor-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, (6), 5-iodo-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (7), and 6-(3',5'-dichlorophenyl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (8) were synthesized, from the reaction of the corresponding pyridine-3-carbaldehyde with thiosemicarbazide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by ESI-Mass, UV-Vis, IR, and NMR (1H, 13C, 19F) spectroscopic techniques. Molar mass values and spectroscopic data are consistent with the proposed structural formulas. The molecular structure of 7 has been also confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the solid state 7 exists in the E conformation about the N2-N3 bond; 7 also presents the E conformation in solution, as evidenced by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The in vitro antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds was studied on six human tumor cell lines: H460 (lung large cell carcinoma), HuTu80 (duodenum adenocarcinoma), DU145 (prostate carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), M-14 (amelanotic melanoma), and HT-29 (colon adenocarcinoma). Furthermore, toxicity studies in 3T3 normal cells were carried out for the prepared compounds. The results were expressed as IC50 and the selectivity index (SI) was calculated. Biological studies revealed that 1 (IC50 = 3.36 to 21.35 µM) displayed the highest antiproliferative activity, as compared to the other tested thiosemicarbazones (IC50 = 40.00 to >582.26 µM) against different types of human tumor cell lines. 1 was found to be about twice as cytotoxic (SI = 1.82) than 5-fluorouracile (5-FU) against the M14 cell line, indicating its efficiency in inhibiting the cell growth even at low concentrations. A slightly less efficient activity was shown by 1 towards the HuTu80 and MCF7 tumor cell lines, as compared to that of 5-FU. Therefore, 1 can be considered as a promising candidate to be used as a pharmacological agent, since it presents significant activity and was found to be more innocuous than the 5-FU anticancer drug against the 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cells

Compreensão dos pacientes submetidas à colonoscopia frente às orientações de enfermagem no preparo do exame

Introdução: A colonoscopia é um exame utilizado para investigação de doenças colorretais. Para um resultado eficaz com boa visualização do cólon, é necessário o preparo intestinal de 12 a 72 horas antes, com ingestão de líquidos claros sem resíduos e laxativos, restrição de frutas, legumes e fibras. A compreensão do indivíduo sobre as orientações relacionadas ao preparo do exame pode ser prejudicada devido à ansiedade e apreensões causadas pelo fato de ser um procedimento invasivo. Objetivo: Compreender o entendimento dos pacientes quanto às orientações de enfermagem no preparo de colonoscopia. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa. Os participantes foram entrevistados presencialmente, antes da realização do exame de colonoscopia em uma clínica especializada de Santa Catarina. As entrevistas foram gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. Os resultados foram organizados em planilha e analisados através da análise temática. A pesquisa obedeceu aos preceitos éticos da Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Saúde nº 510/2016, e foi iniciada após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa por meio do CAAE 57940722.0.0000.5365. Resultados: Os resultados evidenciaram que os participantes receberam orientações claras e as informações repassadas pela equipe de enfermagem foram completas e coesas. Porém, alguns sentiram dificuldade em realizar o preparo, principalmente para conciliar a rotina de trabalho com os efeitos das medicações laxativas. Conclusão: O papel da enfermagem é fundamental na orientação do indivíduo para realização de um bom preparo, reforçando o direito ao afastamento das atividades laborais para realizá-lo corretamente

Untersuchung einer Wasserstoff‐π Wechselwirkung in einem eingeschlossenen Wassermolekül im Festkörper

Der Nachweis und die Charakterisierung von eingeschlossenen Wassermolekülen in chemischen Gebilden und Biomakromolekülen ist weiterhin eine Herausforderung für feste Materialien. Wir präsentieren hier Protonen-detektierte Festkörper-Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie (NMR) Experimente bei Rotationsfrequenzen von 100 kHz um den magischen Winkel und bei hohen statischen Magnetfeldstärken (28.2 T), die den Nachweis eines einzelnen Wassermoleküls ermöglichen, das im Calix[4]aren-Hohlraum eines Lanthan-Komplexes durch eine Kombination von drei Arten nicht-kovalenter Wechselwirkungen fixiert ist. Die Protonenresonanzen des Wassers werden bei einer chemischen Verschiebung nahe Null ppm nachgewiesen, was wir durch quantenchemische Berechnungen bestätigen. Berechnungen mit der Dichtefunktionaltheorie zeigen, wie empfindlich der Wert der chemischen Verschiebung der Protonen auf Wasserstoff-π-Wechselwirkungen reagiert. Unsere Studie unterstreicht, wie sich die Protonen-detektierte Festkörper NMR zur Methode der Wahl für die Untersuchung schwacher nicht-kovalenter Wechselwirkungen entwickelt, die einen ganzen Zweig molekularer Erkennungsvorgänge in der Chemie und Biologie bestimmen

AIS Prediction to Increase Message Authenticity and Reduce Spoofing

As reliance on technology continues to grow, shipborne operations have become increasingly dependent on Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) data for collision avoidance, situational awareness at sea, and navigation. The AIS protocol lacks a method to verify sender authenticity, which makes them susceptible to attacks such as message spoofing. Spoofing attacks occur when a device sends a message pretending to be another device with the intent to present misleading information, such as ship location. This report examines currently proposed methods of AIS location prediction and investigates an alternative method to achieve similar results over a shorter observation period with the intent to increase position integrity. The area of interest for this report is restricted to larger vessels which broadcast Class A messages, as they provide the most complete position snapshot and maintain the highest frequency of reports. The intended purpose of this paper is to provide a formula for single position prediction of future vessel location. A new system such as this would provide vessels a location integrity check and increase their security against spoofing attacks. Keywords: AIS, AIS Prediction, Automatic Identification System, Single Point, Spoofin

Influência dos parâmetros de mistura rápida, floculação e decantação no tratamento da água afluente à ETA de Ponta Grossa/PR

A NBR 12216 (1992) admite que, na ausência de dados obtidos em laboratório ou em instalação piloto, os parâmetros de mistura rápida, floculação, decantação ou flotação sejam adotados. O presente trabalho demonstra ser esta uma prática perigosa, que pode comprometer ou dificultar a operação da estação de tratamento de água (ETA), podendo levar a sérios prejuízos na qualidade da água tratada, além de poder acarretar em maiores custos operacionais. Portanto, neste trabalho avaliou-se a influência dos parâmetros de mistura rápida, floculação e decantação no tratamento da água bruta afluente à ETA do município de Ponta Grossa/PR, empregando-se sulfato de alumínio, PAC (cloreto de polialumínio), cloreto férrico e reagente de Fenton como agentes coagulantes. Verificou-se que os referidos parâmetros não devem ser adotados, pois exerceram grande influência na eficiência de remoção de turbidez. Palavras-chave: mistura rápida; floculação; decantação; alumínio; reagente de Fenton. ABSTRACT Brazilian regulations, NBR 12216 (1992), admit that, in the absence of laboratory and pilot plant data, rapid mix, flocculation, decantation or dissolved air flotation parameters be adopted. The present work demonstrates that this is a dangerous practice, which can compromise or difficult the water treatment plant operation, and can leave to a serious damages on the treated water quality; as well can conduct to a bigger operational costs. Therefore, in this work it was evaluated the influence of rapid mix, flocculation and decantation parameters on the treatment of the raw water affluent to the water treatment plant of Ponta Grossa City, Parana State, Brazil. As coagulant agents it was applied aluminium sulfate, PACI (polyaluminium chloride), ferric chloride and Fenton reagent. It was observed that the mentioned parameters must not be adopted because exert a big influence on turbidity removal efficiency. Keywords: rapid mix; flocculation; decantation; alum; fenton reagent.</div