Assessment of Insulin Stability Inside Diblock Copolymer PEG-PLA Microspheres

Insulin-loaded PEG2-PLA40 and PEG5-PLA20 microspheres containing 5% bovine insulin were manufactured using single emulsion and w/o/w multiple emulsion-solvent evaporation techniques. Microspheres were characterized for their insulin encapsulation efficiency and release characteristics in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. Moreover, the stability of the peptide during 18 days of release was evaluated using HPLC and HPLC-MS techniques. The results showed that the loading efficiencies were higher in case of insulin loaded PEG2-PLA40 and PEG5-PLA20 microspheres prepared by single emulsion emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Insulin release was characterized by an initial burst, which was attributed to the amount of protein located on or close to the microsphere surface. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) of insulin samples extracted after 6, 12 and 18 days of PEG2-PLA40 microspheres erosion showed that insulin was intact inside the eroding microspheres. In addition, only small amounts of protein undergo degradation under these conditions (only 11.69% ± 1.13 of the initially loaded insulin loading were detected as degradation products after 18 days. Mass spectra recorded at these retention times confirmed the presence of insulin with a molar mass of 5734 Da and other two products of molar masses of 5587 Da and 5487 Da

Merchandise Import Demand Function in Saudi Arabia

Merchandise imports in Saudi Arabia is growing steadily and very rapidly, at an average growth rate of 10.04 percent/year during 1975-2011. So, this study is very important to know the merchandise imports determinants in Saudi Arabian economy. This study empirically estimates the critical parameters of merchandise import demand determinants for Saudi Arabia by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach and Error Correction model during the period (1975-2011). The empirical results obtained show that, in both long run and short run, there are positive and significant relationships between the demand for merchandise import and real gross domestic product, gross capital formation expenditure, private consumption expenditure, government consumption expenditure and the relative price of imports to domestic price. On the other hand, there are positive but insignificant relationship between the demand for merchandise import and international reserves either in the long run or the short run

Formulation and evaluation of mefenamic acid sustained release matrix pellets

The objective of the study was to prepare mefenamic acid (MA) sustained release matrix pellets and investigate the formulation parameters affecting pellets attributes and the drug release in vitro. Mixer torque rheometer (MTR) was used to characterize the rheological properties of wet mass used in pellets formulation. Mefenamic acid pellets were prepared by extrusion/spheronization techniques using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in combination with lactose as pellet forming agents and water as the binding liquid. Also, the prepared pellets were characterized for their particle sizes and in vitro drug dissolution. The results revealed that the increase of lactose weight ratio mixed to MCC resulted in a significant reduction of both maximum torque and binder ratio, while the addition of 2 % (m/m) polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP) to MCC-lactose influenced only the mean torque rather the wetting liquid (water) ratio. Particle size ranged from 945 to 1089 μm and had small span values (0.56–0.67). Furthermore, an inverse relation was observed the between rheological character of pellet wet masses (expressed by peak torque) and in vitro release rate. Increasing MA loading from 2.5 to 5 and 10 % was accompanied with a decrease in dissolution rates. In conclusion, the properties of MA matrix pellets could be successfully monitored by controlling the wet mass character characteristic by measuring torque

Formulation and evaluation of orally disintegrating clopidogrel tablets

Recent advances in drug delivery systems have aimed to achieve better patient compliance. One of these advances is the formulation of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) that dissolve instantaneously, releasing drugs within a few seconds without the need of water. The main objective of this paper was to prepare and develop ODTs of clopidogrel. The ODTs were prepared by direct compression. The effect of three superdisintegrants, namely crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate, using three different disintegration times on the dissolution rate was investigated. The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. Furthermore, the interaction of clopidogrel with the formulation excipients was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC studies revealed that there were no interactions between the drug and the excipients used. All tablets had hardness values in the range 4.0-5.2 kp and friability lower than 1%. The weight and drug content uniformity of all formulations was within official limits according to BP. In vitro drug release studies of the ODTs showed that more than 90% of the drug was released within ten minutes. A palatability test in human volunteers showed acceptable taste and mouth feel. Thus, the obtained results conclusively demonstrated successful rapid disintegration of the formulated tablets and acceptable palatability.Recentes avanC'os em sistemas de liberaC'C#o de fC!rmacos novos visam C obtenC'C#o de melhor adesC#o do paciente. Um destes avanC'os C) a formulaC'C#o de comprimidos de desintegraC'C#o oral (ODTs), que se dissolvem instantaneamente, liberando o fC!rmaco, em alguns segundos, sem a necessidade de C!gua. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar e desenvolver ODTs de clopidogrel. Os ODTs foram preparados pelo mC)todo de compressC#o direta. Estudou-se o efeito de vC!rias concentraC'C5es de diferentes agentes de desintegraC'C#o, tais como super-crospovidona, croscarmelose de sC3dio, glicolato de amido de sC3dio no tempo de desintegraC'C#o e velocidade de dissoluC'C#o. Os comprimidos preparados foram avaliados quanto C dureza, C friabilidade, ao tempo de desintegraC'C#o e C liberaC'C#o do fC!rmaco in vitro. AlC)m disso, estudou-se a interaC'C#o de clopidogrel com os excipientes de formulaC'C#o, utilizando calorimetria de varredura diferencial (DSC). Estudos de DSC revelaram nC#o haver interaC'C#o entre o fC!rmaco e os excipientes utilizados. Todos os comprimidos possuC-am dureza na faixa de 4,0-5,2 kp e a friabilidade inferior a 1%. A variaC'C#o de peso e o teor de fC!rmaco de todas as formulaC'C5es mostraram-se dentro do limite oficial, de acordo com a BP. O estudo de liberaC'C#o do fC!rmaco in vitro de comprimidos ODTs mostrou que mais de 90% do fC!rmaco foram liberados em10 minutos. O teste de palatabilidade em voluntC!rios humanos mostrou sabor e sensaC'C#o na boca aceitC!veis. Assim, os resultados obtidos demonstraram, conclusivamente, a rC!pida e bem-sucedida desintegraC'C#o dos comprimidos formulados e a palatabilidade aceitC!vel

IoT Based Image Processing Filters

Internet of things (IoT) becomes the backbone of the advanced countries and it has a real contribute to exchange the traditional style or way of practical life, even personal life into smart style, with (IoT) technology the life become more and more easy and professional. internet of things achieves various applications coordinate with sensors and standard protocols to apply what is called machine -to- machine connection (M2M), in this paper we will talk more about the concept of (M2M), the main component of internet of things and finally the common protocols that is used in network, in addition to that this work present an IOT operation with processing system using camera for capturing image and Xilinx system generator(XSG)models for designing  image processing algorithms and the result of  the processing is an image with black and white for edge detection and Thresholding models  and gray color image for gray enhancement model

Tessellation planning: relationships between the physical environment and the neighbourhood / Anniz Fazli Ibrahim Bajunid, Mohamed Yusoff Abbas and Abdul Hadi Nawawi.

The fundamental objective of the national housing agenda is to ensure a better quality of life. The challenge is to develop affordable houses whilst sustaining positive social neighbourhoods. In the western world, research equated the physical environment as a dominant influence on the spatial behaviours of communities. Quality of living in Malaysia is only obtainable to the upper echelons in organic planning of housing. These perceived as successful neighbourhoods such as the cul-de-sac or Tessellation Planning create a relationship between the physical environment and the neighbourhood. This paper initiates a search for such literature and identifies key concepts for further deliberations

Social cohesion of the Malaysian Cul-de-sac neighborhoods: brief critical review of concepts / Anniz Fazli Ibrahim Bajunid, Mohamed Yusoff Abbas and Abdul Hadi Nawawi

The national mass housing policies are currently being scrutinised on affordability and quality of life. The consideration of a better neighbourhood design is currently only evident in curvilinear and organic planning designs of neighbourhoods such as the cul-de-sac. The objective of this paper is to identify concepts of the cul-de-sac neighbourhoods and the community’s social cohesion through a critical review of available literature within the framework settings of a Malaysian pluralistic neighbourhood. The paper is anticipated to lead to methodological assessment processes of the physical environment and neighbourhoods as well as expand existing contextual knowledge of the Malaysian cul-de-sac neighbourhoods

Identifying Culs-De-Sac courtyard neighbourhoods in Shah Alam / Anniz Fazli Ibrahim Bajunid, Mohamed Yusoff Abbas and Abdul Hadi Nawawi.

Culs-de-sac in Shah Alam, have begun to take centre stage, especially in the high-end neighbourhood developments. Typically, these neighbourhoods can be easily identified. However, in contrast to developed nations, the local municipality has yet to begin identifying neighbourhood typologies. This paper endeavors to elucidate a sampling or identification process procedures of the cul-de-sac neighbourhood. The cul-de-sac was identified by observing intersection connectivity, link-node ratios, as well as street segment analysis; an assimilation of techniques used in recent western methodologies. Scaled macro to micro map analysis aligned sequentially in sieves, allow for identification of specific cul-de-sac syntax; one in particular is the cul-de-sac courtyards

Synthesis, spectroscopic, thermal and anti-microbial studies of transition metal complexes of hydrazone derived from 4,6-diacetylresorcinol and S-methyldithiocarbazate

New series of copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), iron(III) and oxovanadium(IV) complexes of hydrazone, H3L, ligand derived from the condensation of S-methyldithiocarbazate and 4,6-diacetylresorcinol, in the molar ratio 1:1, has been synthesized. All the metal complexes are dimmers. The structures of the ligand and its transition metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (Infrared, electronic, Mass, 1H NMR and ESR) data and magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity measurements and thermal gravimetric analysis. The structure of the ligand is dibasic tridentate with ONS sites. The bonding sites, in all cases, are the azomethine nitrogen, phenolic oxygen and thiol sulfur atoms, as illustrated from the spectral data. The metal complexes exhibit different geometrical arrangements such as square planar, tetrahedral, square pyramidal and octahedral arrangements. Kinetic parameters (DG, DH, DS and DE) of the metal complexes were calculated from the thermal behaviour of the metal complexes using Coats-Redfern method. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened for its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes as Gram-positive bacteria, Pseudomonas phaseolicola and Pseudomonas fluorescens as Gram-negative bacteria and the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus fumigatus

الضوابط الشرعية لعمل المرأة في التجارة من المنظور الإسلامي = Shari'a rules for the work of women in trade from Islamic perspective

هذا البحث يهدف إلى إنارة وإبراز مشروعية تجارة المرأة حسب الضوابط الشرعية وأهميتة ذلك باعتباره واقعاً إنسانياً، ذلك أن المرأة كانت تعمل بحسب طبيعتها وما يلائم أحول الناس، والمجتمعات، وإذا كان عمل المرأة وتجارتها له أصل في حضارتنا وفقه شريعتنا، فإنه في هذا العصر ينبغي للمرأة المسلمة أن تسهم في العمل الذي يناسبها، من خلال ذلك سيحاول البحث الإجابة على سؤالين رئيسيين؛ وهما: ما المفهوم بالضوابط الشرعية، وما هي الضوبط الشرعية للتجارة بصفة عامة ولعمل المرأة في التجارة بصفة خاصة؟ كما اتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وقد توصّل إلى جملة نتائج منها دعوة المرأة المسلمة ليكون لها دور في تنمية المجتمعات المسلمة، وأن لا تتخلى عن التعليم والعمل الذي يخدم الإسلام والأمة وفق معايير الشرع. *************************************************************************************** This study is intended to illuminate and highlight the legality of women's trade according to the rules of Shari'a and the importance of this as a human reality. Women were working according to their nature and what suits the people and communities. If women's work and business have an origin in our civilization and jurisprudence, To contribute to the work that suits them, through which the research will try to answer two main questions: namely, what is the concept of legal controls, and what are the legitimate constraints of trade in general and women's work in trade in particular? The study also followed the analytical descriptive approach, and reached a number of conclusions, including calling on Muslim women to play a role in the development of Muslim societies and not to abandon education and work that serves Islam and the nation according to the Shari'a standards