Répétition, redondance, reformulation: les spirales explicatives du même

This work tries to show how and why repetition, redundancy and rewording, by borrowing the figure of some sort of a spiral do explain and add considerably to meaning in spite o f the fact that they don’t seem to be willing to do so. Although only redundancy is likely to occur with the same shape in all languages, the three are indeed universals even if their function and place in the grammar is not the same in all languages. The paper refers to three types of ongoing different researches: that of the followers of Zellig S. Harris about redundancy seen as a complete descriptive tool of language, that of the author about repetitions in the holy Coran, and that of Claire Martinot about the way children appropriate meaning through rewordings

Le cadre du lexique-grammaire

17 janvier 2003. Université de Pennsylvanie. Journée sur le thème L'héritage de Zellig Harris : langue et information au seuil du 21ème siècle. Stephen Johnson me demande ce qui a bien pu me pousser à traverser l'Atlantique.– Mon laboratoire vient d'achever une traduction française de Language and  Information  et puis…je suis un élève de Maurice Gross…– Ah…Maurice! Every verb is unique... Ce « trait » du concepteur du cadre du lexique-grammaire reste en effet bien saillant : chaque verbe es..

1798-1976. Le français référentiaire des élites égyptiennes

Depuis l’expédition de Bonaparte en Égypte et jusqu’à « l’ouverture » décrétée par le Président égyptien Anouar al-Sadate, soit pendant près de deux siècles, la langue française est considérée par les élites égyptiennes, toutes tendances et appartenances confondues, comme étant un vecteur exemplaire d’excellence. Le français et ce qu’il représente restera longtemps une référence malgré l’occupation britannique du fait qu’il aura été adopté par les lettrés musulmans, participera de la dynamique nationale du pays et sera la langue véhiculaire de toutes les minorités actives dans toutes les couches sociales. L’article analyse les ingrédients authentiquement égyptiens de la dynamique qui a donné au français son statut référentiaire ainsi que les raisons qui ont amené les élites égyptiennes à s’en détourner dans les années 1970.Since Bonaparte’s expedition in Egypt and until the « openness » policy of Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadate, that is for almost two centuries, French was considered by Egyptian élite, whatever could have been their tendencies or beliefs, as an exemplary vector of excellence. French and what it conveys will remain for a long time a reference in spite of British occupation because it will be adopted by well-read muslims, will take part in national dynamics of the country and become the lingua franca of all active minorities in all social strata. The paper analyses the genuine Egyptian ingredients of the dynamics that gave French its referential status as well as the causes that brought Egyptian élites to abandon it during the 70’s

Assessment of Outcomes of Ileostomy Closure versus Colostomy Closure

Background: Small-bowel ostomies and large-bowel ostomies are two subtypes of intestinal ostomies based on the portion of the intestine that is exposed above the skin. Protecting the anastomosis from infection and keeping the peritoneum clean are critical functions of ileostomy and colostomy. Objective: to evaluate short term outcome of ileostomy and colostomy closures to recognize which procedure is better for diversion based on the outcomes of the stoma reversal. Methods: Two groups of 32 patients having a colostomy or an ileostomy in Zagazig University Hospitals underwent a clinical comparison of the outcomes of stoma closure. 16 patients in Group 1 had an ileostomy for reversal. Those in Group 2 who had a temporary colostomy for reversal included 10 patients with Hartmann procedure and 6 patients with simple loop stoma. During the first month, patients were seen at the outpatient clinic once a week, then once a month for the next five months. Results: As regard intraoperative complications: Amount of blood loss was higher among Hartmann’s group (112 ±18 ml) due to severe adhesions during laparotomy compared to ileostomy group (89 ± 16 ml) and loop colostomy group (98 ± 16 ml). In terms of intraoperative blood loss, there was no statistically significant difference between ileostomy and loop colostomy, although there was a statistically significant difference between ileostomy and the Hartman procedure. In the ileostomy group, postoperative problems such as wound infection, anastomotic leakage, ileus, and intraabdominal collection were less common and more easily controlled. Conclusion: Ileostomy closure is superior to colostomy closure as simple closure with small circumferential incision was easier than colostomy which need exploration in most cases

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Repetition, redundance, rewording: the spiral explaining the same

This work tries to show how and why repetition, redundancy and rewording, by borrowing the figure of some sort of a spiral do explain and add considerably to meaning in spite o f the fact that they don’t seem to be willing to do so. Although only redundancy is likely to occur with the same shape in all languages, the three are indeed universals even if their function and place in the grammar is not the same in all languages. The paper refers to three types of ongoing different researches: that of the followers of Zellig S. Harris about redundancy seen as a complete descriptive tool of language, that of the author about repetitions in the holy Coran, and that of Claire Martinot about the way children appropriate meaning through rewordings

Du retournement à la neutralisation

Dans Poésies, Lautréamont a réécrit un certain nombre de textes "classiques" (de Pascal, La Rochefoucauld et Vauvenargues notamment). Son entreprise, en jouant des relations d'équivalence que permet la langue, révèle et dénonce à la fois la possibilité d'affirmer la chose et son contraire et de neutraliser l'idéologie là même où elle semblait se confondre avec l'évidence