Dispute resolution in the oil and gas industry: an appraisal of mediation and litigation procedures.

The Oil and Gas Industry Resolution originally recognised negotiation and concede to the alternative dispute resolution rather, their litigation. The paper analysed appraised the different alternative dispute resolution, formulae including mediation the doctrinal method of research which analyses all legal in others as applied. All methods relating to the dispute resolution were analysed from the library and it has formed that mediation which involves the process of resolution dispute weather the involvement of litigating is prefer for being use costly and time consuming. Litigation been so expensive and time wasting is not recommence for oil and Gas Industry

An investigation into the effectiveness of the design and enforcement of Nigeria's anti-gas flaring law and policy regimes, and the considerations of measures that could improve environmental regulatory compliance.

Since the discovery of the commercial hydrocarbon deposit in 1956, activity of Nigeria's petroleum industry has dramatically increased. The industry now contributes an average of two million barrels of crude oil daily to the global oil market. However, while bringing this development, the industry has become a source of misery for the oil-producing host communities, whose survival is endangered by the scourge of pollution from associated gas flaring. Associated gas (AG) flaring is widely acknowledged as a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, negatively impacting the environment and economy. Given its adverse effects, governments of oil-producing nations and industries have a responsibility to end flaring. Nevertheless, only a few such nations have significantly reduced flaring, while in most other jurisdictions like Nigeria, flaring continues to rise with increased oil production. In this regard, this study critically investigates the appropriateness and effectiveness of the design and enforcement of anti-gas flaring laws and the policy regimes currently operating in Nigeria. The study provided a general overview of the research context, and emphasised the role of effective law and policy regimes in reducing flaring in Nigeria. It critically analysed and addressed the following key issues, among others: the role of appropriately designed anti-gas flaring law and policy regimes; the effectiveness of regulatory enforcement; and the institutional characteristics of an effective flaring regulatory agency. It also addressed other relevant factors that affect flaring volumes, like penalties, incentives and the effects of contractual rights in addressing AG flaring issues. The study argues that Nigeria currently has appropriately designed law and policy regimes, but the enforcement is ineffective. The study finds several reasons that have led to the ineffectiveness and recommends measures that would help the country end gas flaring. The study suggests that oil-producing nations should design and establish clear and precise policies and legislation with independent regulatory agencies to avoid interference and conflict of interest. It also recommends adequate penalties and incentives to encourage effective enforcement of the AG flaring regulations

Optimal Ranking and Sequencing of Non-domestic Building Energy Retrofit Options for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction

Whether it is based on current emissions data or future projections of further growth, the building sector currently represent the largest and singular most important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. This notion is also supported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on projection scenarios for 2030 that emissions from buildings will be responsible for about one-third of total global emissions. As such, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has become a top priority worldwide. A significant majority of buildings that exist now will still exist in 2030 and beyond; therefore the greatest energy savings and carbon footprint reductions can be made through retrofit of existing buildings. A wide range of retrofit options are readily available, but methods to identify optimal solutions for a particular abatement project still constitute a major technical challenge. Investments in building energy retrofit technologies usually involve decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious and resource-efficient design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Retrofit options available for energy savings have different performance characteristics and building stakeholders are required to establish an optimal solution, where competing objectives such as financial costs, energy consumption and environmental performance are taken into account. These key performance parameters cannot be easily quantified and compared by building stakeholders since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare performance indicators. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This thesis presents a novel deterministic decision support system (DSS) for the evaluation of economically and environmentally optimal retrofit of non-domestic buildings. The DSS integrates the key variables of economic and net environmental benefits to produce optimal decisions. These variables are used within an optimisation scheme that consists of integrated modules for data input, sensitivity analysis and takes into account the use of a set of retrofit options that satisfies a range of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints); hierarchical course of action; and the evaluations of ‘best’ case scenario based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The steps involved in the system development are presented and its usefulness is evaluated using case study applications. The results of the applications are analysed and presented, verifying the feasibility of the DSS, whilst encouraging further improvements and extensions. The usefulness of the DSS as a tool for policy formulation and developments that can trigger innovations in retrofit product development processes and sustainable business models are also discussed. The methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations. Overall, the development of the DSS which takes a whole-life CO2 emission accounting framework and an economic assessment view-point, successfully demonstrates how value is delivered across different parts of the techno-economic system, especially as it pertains to financial gains, embodied and operational emissions reduction potential.Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF), Nigeri

Acueducto de Córdoba construido por Abderrahman III. El Palacio y la ciudad de Az-Zahirah. Iglesias cristianas en Córdoba. Tribunal de apelación

Copia digital. realizada por la Biblioteca de Andalucí

Enhanced Instruction Set Randomization Design Space Exploration

The purpose of this work was to analyze design requirements of Instruction Set Randomization defense for Heterogeneous System Architectures

The leadership style of headteachers and its relationship with primary school pupils' achievement in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

This study utilised a descriptive research methodology to determine the leadership styles of primary school headteachers in Riyadh City and their relationship with pupils' achievement. Following a review of the literature, questions were generated as follows:1. Is there a relationship between the number of years of experience of the headteacher and his educational level (qualification of the headteacher)?2. Is there a relationship between the educational level (qualification of the headteacher) and school size (number of pupils in school)?3. Is there a relationship between school size and experience of the headteacher?4. Is there a relationship between the educational level (qualification) of the headteacher and the achievement of pupils?5. Is there a relationship between the experience of the headteacher and the achievement of the pupils?6. Is there a relationship between school size (number of pupils in school) and pupil achievement?7. Is there a relationship between the educational level (qualification) and the style of the headteacher in leading the school?8. Is there a relationship between the experience of the headteacher and his style in leading the school?9. Is there a relationship between the school size and the style of the headteacher in leading the school?10. Is there a relationship between the achievement of the pupils and the style of the headteacher in leading the school? Pfeiffer and Jones' (1972) adaptation of the Leader Behaviour Descriptive Questionnaire (LBDQ) was used. The findings of the study revealed three administrative styles: Spokesman and Manager, Striving for Achievement and Professionalism, and Autocratic. These three styles are predominant in primary schools in Riyadh. They do not have a link with pupil achievement, but there was a relationship between the qualification of the headteacher and the achievement of pupils and also the experience of the headteacher and pupil achievement. No evidence was found to suggest that any other relationships existed. The study supports the need for qualifications and experience and other general criteria to be taken into consideration when selecting school headteachers, and formal training to be given prior to becoming primary school headteachers. With all this in mind, it should be noted that in measuring pupil achievement, we cannot take the headteacher's leadership style for granted

Objection Hearing on Property Assessment Rate Charges in Malaysia

The Local Authority Act 171 of 1976 intended fairness by incorporating provisions for seeking redress by property owners who are not satisfied with rates imposed on them based on the assessed value of their properties. This redress is sought by means of filing objections to the local authority concerned, it is then studied and a fair hearing given to the appellant before a decision is taken. The study was conducted, using a semi structured-interview guide by interviewing the valuation officers about the various reasons for objections, Documents were sought to study  past reasons filed by appellants and later triangulated with observation during hearing sessions of the local authorities to a point of saturation. It was found that greater proportion of objections were based on non satisfactory service delivery by the local authorities with only a few on in ability to pay. Keywords: Local Authority, Act, Appeal and Decision

Information and communication technology, cyber crime and the administration of criminal justice system in Nigeria.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form such as personal computers, digital television and robots. Other products include the internet, emails, wireless networks, cell phones and other means of communication. Cybercrimes, on the other hand, include offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks. Nigeria is confronted with the challenges of cybercrimes and the problems of weak administration of the criminal justice system. However, the coming into force of two important laws in 2015 is a pointer to the fact that the menace of cybercrime in Nigeria are about to be contained. This paper while giving an overview of the nexus between these two new laws examines how their application will bring about the speedy dispensation of justice as well as a cybercrime free society

Nouveaux matériaux pour la flore du Maroc.

Nuevos datos para la flora de MarruecosRÉSUMÉ. Des indications sont rapportées sur la répartition de 59 taxons appartenant á la flore marocaine. Une note nomenclaturale corrige la basionymie de Viola subailantica.RESUMEN. Se aportan indicaciones sobre la distribución de 59 tazones pertenecientes a la flora de Marruecos. Se valida una nueva combinanción de Viola suhatlantica con la correcta indicación del basiónimo