248 research outputs found
The Nature and Function of Geographical Indications in Law
There are two basic types of legal regime for the protection of geographical indications (GIs). Some systems, notably that of the European Union, define and treat GIs as a distinct type of intellectual property. This approach is also reflected in the provisions concerning GIs in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Other legal systems, notably those of Australia, Canada and the United States, treat GIs as a subcategory of trademarks. Like trademarks, GIs function principally as a means of providing information to consumers. EU legislation and jurisprudence, however, define GIs more expansively than do trademark-based legal systems, and see GIs as in some ways superior to trademarks. The EU is attempting to incorporate other features of its system of GI protection into the WTO/TRIPS system. But the nature of GIs is somewhat at odds with that of other types of intellectual property.geographical indications, intellectual property, Origin Regulation, trademarks, TRIPS, WTO, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade,
From low dimensions to full configuration space: Generalising models for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics
This thesis aims to bridge the development of nonadiabatic dynamics methods and their application for studies of real molecular systems.
First, this work explores fundamental concepts of photochemistry by investigating two different pictures, arising from the Born-Oppenheimer and the exact factorisation representation. Based on a simplistic model, a photochemical experiment from the excitation up to the formation of photoproducts is simulated. This study then compares the Born-Oppenheimer and exact factorisation representations of the processes. Subsequently, the influence of the Born-Oppenheimer picture for approximate nonadiabatic dynamics is investigated on two-dimensional model systems around conical intersections. The effects of neglected couplings and geometric phase are evaluated for ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS), a method for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics based on classically moving Gaussians.
Afterwards, this work introduces a standardised test set of molecules to connect between tests of newly developed nonadiabatic dynamics methods on one-dimensional model systems and their intended application to full-dimensional molecules. Inspired by the widely used one-dimensional Tully models, three molecules are selected to form the molecular Tully models, which undergo similar photophysical processes, but in a high-dimensional space. In addition, the recently proposed stochastic-selection AIMS framework is also tested on two molecules undergoing ring-opening reactions to explore the strengths and limitations of the method.
Finally, a direct comparison between experimental and computational results is presented. The photochemistry of 2(5H)-thiophenone is probed during and after the initial ring opening using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Static and dynamic calculations unravel the photoprocesses and identify a variety of photoproducts. Using the computational results, the experimental signal can be translated to insights into the ongoing photochemistry.
Overall, this thesis aims to bring models in nonadiabatic dynamics in a real-world context. This work contributes to facilitating the transfer of new nonadiabatic dynamics methods towards the study of molecules in their full dimensionality
Geologie und Strukturentwicklung der Blankuskopf- und Wildberggruppe im südlichen Brandnertal (Rätikon, Österreich)
Detailed geological mapping and structural analysis of the Blankuskopf- and
Wildberggroup in the Rätikon area (Vorarlberg/Austria) was carried out in the
framework of a Diploma-thesis at the University of Freiburg.
The full stratigraphy of the Northen Calcareous Alps (NCA) can be found
in the area, starting with the skythian Bundsandstein and continuing up to the
upper Cretaceous Kreideschiefer, as well as lithologies from the south-Penninic
Arosazone.
The structural style of the mapping area is characterized by many folds and
thrusts and shows two mean features:
1) From the lower to the higher tectonic unit and from NW to SE there is a
change in transport direction from NW via N to NE. This change is linked to a
clockwise rotation of each unit with respect to its underlying unit.
2) Within each unit there is a change in transport direction from NW in its western
part to N in its eastern part. This is especially pronounced in the well-conserved
unit of the Blankuskopfgroup.
The structures are the result of horizontal shortening as well as dextral shearing.
The latter is represented by the fl exing of fold-axes and clockwise rotation
The 3s Rydberg state as a doorway state in the ultrafast dynamics of 1,1-difluoroethylene
The deactivation dynamics of 1,1-difluoroethylene after light excitation is studied within the surface hopping formalism in the presence of 3s and 3p Rydberg states using multi-state second order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2). Due to the proximity of the Rydberg π-3s state with the ππ* state, the states are mixed favoring ultrafast exchange of population via a conical intersection that closely resembles the equilibrium structure. After excitation, it is found that the π-3s state acts as a doorway state, trapping the population and delaying internal conversion to the ππ* state, from which deactivation to the closed-shell ground state takes place. Besides the conical intersection between the π-3s and ππ* states, five additional conical intersections between the ππ* state and the ground state are found, indicating that after the system is excited, it stretches the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond before it twists and pyramidalizes at any of the carbon atoms, in the spirit of a hula-twist mechanism
Measurement of Prandtl number and thermal conductivity Summary report
Prandtl numbers and thermal conductivity of air, argon, and hydrocarbon fuel combustion product
On the Theoretical Determination of Photolysis Properties for Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are ubiquitous atmospheric molecules that generate a complex network of chemical reactions in the troposphere, often triggered by the absorption of sunlight. Understanding the VOC composition of the atmosphere relies on our ability to characterize all of their possible reaction pathways. When considering reactions of (transient) VOCs with sunlight, the availability of photolysis rate constants, utilized in general atmospheric models, is often out of experimental reach due to the unstable nature of these molecules. Here, we show how recent advances in computational photochemistry allow us to calculate \textit{in silico} the different ingredients of a photolysis rate constant, namely the photoabsorption cross-section and wavelength-dependent quantum yields. The rich photochemistry of tert-butyl hydroperoxide, for which experimental data is available, is employed to test our protocol and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different levels of electronic structure and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics to study the photochemistry of (transient) VOCs
Tax limitations and municipal revenues and expenditures : Proposition 13 and its aftermath
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, leaves 378-386).by Mark Adams Ibele.Ph.D
Deformation und Kinematik der Lechtal-Decke im nordwestlichen Rätikon, Nördliche Kalkalpen (Vorarlberg,Österreich)
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem
strukturellen Bau und der tektonischen
Entwicklung der Lechtal-Decke im nordwestlichen
Rätikon am Westende der
Nördlichen Kalkalpen (NKA). Die Daten
und Interpretationen beziehen sich
zum Einen auf den gesamten Bereich der
NKA im Rätikon westlich des Brandnertals
und zum Anderen auf ein detailliert
kartiertes Teilgebiet zwischen dem
sĂĽdlichen Brandnertal und dem sĂĽdlichen
Gamperdonatal. In- und auĂźerhalb
dieses Kartiergebiets konnten in
AufschlĂĽssen der Arosazone, die das lokale
Unterlager der Nördlichen Kalkalpen
darstellt, kinematische Daten von
Scherbändern erhoben werden. Auf der
Basis der eigenen Arbeiten und publizierten
Geologischen Karten der Region
(Allemann 1985, Heissl 1965) wurde
ein NW–SE-Profil durch das westliche
Rätikon konstruiert und bilanziert.
Die Anlage des Profils erfolgte senkrecht
zum Ăśberwiegenden Streichen der
Großstrukturen die einen ausgeprägten
Schuppen- und Faltenbau zeigen...conferenc
Tracking the ultraviolet-induced photochemistry of thiophenone during and after ultrafast ring opening
Photoinduced isomerization reactions lie at the heart of many chemical processes in nature. The mechanisms of such reactions are determined by a delicate interplay of coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics occurring on the femtosecond scale, followed by the slower redistribution of energy into different vibrational degrees of freedom. Here we apply time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a seeded extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser to trace the ultrafast ring opening of gas-phase thiophenone molecules following ultraviolet photoexcitation. When combined with ab initio electronic structure and molecular dynamics calculations of the excited- and ground-state molecules, the results provide insights into both the electronic and nuclear dynamics of this fundamental class of reactions. The initial ring opening and non-adiabatic coupling to the electronic ground state are shown to be driven by ballistic S–C bond extension and to be complete within 350 fs. Theory and experiment also enable visualization of the rich ground-state dynamics that involve the formation of, and interconversion between, ring-opened isomers and the cyclic structure, as well as fragmentation over much longer timescales
Tracking the Ultraviolet Photochemistry of Thiophenone During and After the Initial Ultrafast Ring Opening
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