Petit manuel de stratégies de sortie de crise:Comment rebondir pour éviter l’enlisement ?

La crise amorcée en 2007 à partir d’un segment du marché hypothécaire américain s’est propagée à l’ensemble des marchés financiers, entraînant un risque systémique majeur du système financier international aux conséquences graves sur l’économie réelle. De financière, la crise s’est transformée en crise de l’économie réelle. Et de liquidité, la crise est devenue crise de solvabilité, nécessitant désormais un fort engagement des secteurs publics nationaux. En revenant sur les grandes crises financières qui ont marqué le 20e siècle, cet article établit une chronologie de ces crises à partir de plusieurs critères (contexte historique, déséquilibres économiques et financiers à la veille de la crise, facteurs déclencheurs de crise, stratégies de sortie) afin d’en tirer des recommandations sur les remèdes à mettre en œuvre pour mieux en sortir. La crise amorcée en 2007 à partir d’un segment du marché hypothécaire américain s’est propagée à l’ensemble des marchés financiers, entraînant un risque systémique majeur du système financier international aux conséquences graves sur l’économie réelle. De financière, la crise s’est transformée en crise de l’économie réelle. Et de liquidité, la crise est devenue crise de solvabilité, nécessitant désormais un fort engagement des secteurs publics nationaux. En revenant sur les grandes crises financières qui ont marqué le 20e siècle, cet article établit une chronologie de ces crises à partir de plusieurs critères (contexte historique, déséquilibres économiques et financiers à la veille de la crise, facteurs déclencheurs de crise, stratégies de sortie) afin d’en tirer des recommandations sur les remèdes à mettre en œuvre pour mieux en sortir. La crise de 1929 et la crise japonaise sont les références les plus fréquemment citées, l’une pour la violence du choc et la Grande Dépression qui a suivi l’autre pour sa sortie en déflation sur fonds d’absence de reprise durable. La crise des caisses d’épargne aux États-Unis pendant les années 1980 et des pays scandinaves au tournant des années 1990 sont également étudiées. De ces crises et des stratégies de sortie mises en oeuvre, plusieurs recommandations apparaissent : ■ donner la priorité à la stabilisation financière afin de retrouver un fonctionnement normal des marchés. Dans le cas d’une crise grave, l’ajustement par le marché est un leurre dont les conséquences ne font qu’aggraver la perte de confiance des agents, et donc le risque de faillites bancaires. Les pouvoirs publics doivent organiser les plans de sauvetage via la recapitalisation ou le cantonnement de créances douteuses dans des bad banks ; ■ mettre en place des politiques économiques destinées à faire face aux conséquences réelles de la crise : baisse des taux d’intérêt et mesures budgétaires temporaires et ciblées dans le cas d’une crise conjoncturelle, permanentes et larges dans le cas d’une crise structurelle ; ■ enfin, dans tous les cas, frapper vite et fort. Il n'existe pas de stratégie optimale de sortie de crise. La complexité de l'engagement des pouvoirs réside dans l'arbitrage entre, d'un côté, le risque imminent d'une crise systémique du système financier et, de l'autre, les coûts futurs liés à l'aléa moral et à la soutenabilité des finances publiques. Mais l'urgence devrait l'emporter

Polyploidy breaks speciation barriers in Australian burrowing frogs Neobatrachus

Polyploidy has played an important role in evolution across the tree of life but it is still unclear how polyploid lineages may persist after their initial formation. While both common and well-studied in plants, polyploidy is rare in animals and generally less understood. The Australian burrowing frog genus Neobatrachus is comprised of six diploid and three polyploid species and offers a powerful animal polyploid model system. We generated exome-capture sequence data from 87 individuals representing all nine species of Neobatrachus to investigate species-level relationships, the origin and inheritance mode of polyploid species, and the population genomic effects of polyploidy on genus-wide demography. We describe rapid speciation of diploid Neobatrachus species and show that the three independently originated polyploid species have tetrasomic or mixed inheritance. We document higher genetic diversity in tetraploids, resulting from widespread gene flow between the tetraploids, asymmetric inter-ploidy gene flow directed from sympatric diploids to tetraploids, and isolation of diploid species from each other. We also constructed models of ecologically suitable areas for each species to investigate the impact of climate on differing ploidy levels. These models suggest substantial change in suitable areas compared to past climate, which correspond to population genomic estimates of demographic histories. We propose that Neobatrachus diploids may be suffering the early genomic impacts of climate-induced habitat loss, while tetraploids appear to be avoiding this fate, possibly due to widespread gene flow. Finally, we demonstrate that Neobatrachus is an attractive model to study the effects of ploidy on the evolution of adaptation in animals

Bioenergy II: Characterization of the Pesticide Properties of Tobacco Bio-Oil

Pyrolysis converts biomass such as agricultural and forestry waste into bio-oil, preserving some chemicals while creating other, new ones. Nicotine, a chemical present in tobacco leaves and a known pesticide, was found to remain intact during pyrolysis. As expected, insecticidal properties were observed for tobacco bio-oil. Pesticide characteristics of tobacco bio-oil have been observed on the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), a pest currently resistant to all major insecticides, as well as a few bacteria and fungi that do not currently respond well to chemical treatment. Unexpectedly, nicotine-free fractions of the bio-oil were also found to be highly lethal to the beetles and successful at inhibiting the growth of select microorganisms. Through GC-MS, it was found that the active, nicotine-free fractions were rich in phenolics, chemicals likely created from lignin during pyrolysis. While bio-oils in general are known to contain phenolic chemicals, such as cresols, to our best knowledge, quantitative analysis has not been performed to determine if these chemicals are solely responsible for the observed pesticide activities. Based on GC-MS results, ten of the most abundant chemicals, eight of which were phenolic chemicals, were identified and examined through bio-assays. A mixture of these chemicals at the concentration levels found in the bio-oil did not account for the bio-oil activity towards the microorganisms. Tobacco bio-oil may have potential as a pesticide, however, further analyses using liquid chromatography is necessary to identify the remaining active chemicals

Characterization of the Pesticide Properties of Tobacco Bio-oil

Pyrolysis converts biomass such as agricultural and forestry waste into bio-oil. Our interest in the chemical analysis of bio-oil began with tobacco, which is rich in nicotine (a known pesticide). Initial inhibition assays performed with the bio-oil on the Colorado potato beetle, a pest currently resistant to all major insecticides, showed high pesticide activity as expected. Surprisingly, the nicotine-free phases of the bio-oil were also found to be highly lethal to the beetles. Thus, it was hypothesized that some of the alkaloids in plants were preserved during pyrolysis, and gave rise to the activity. Pesticide characteristics of tobacco and coffee bio-oils have been recorded on a number of insects as well as a variety of bacteria and fungi that do not currently respond well to chemical treatment; e.g., Streptomyces Scabies (a common potato scab disease). The current focus is to isolate and identify the components responsible for the pest inhibition, and in turn fully characterize their properties as a novel source of natural pesticides. The procedure begins with a crude separation or fractionation by distillation or extraction to simplify the chemical composition. The fractions are then screened by the activity assay. Analytical separation and mass spectral detection (GC-MS and LC-MS) are then used to generate chemical fingerprints for comparative analysis against libraries of known compounds to identify the active component(s). A mixture of chemical standards is generated from these identified, potentially active, components. This mixture is tested by the activity assay, and chemicals are sequentially removed from this mixture to identify the active components and potential synergistic effects between these components. Thus, a potential pesticide originating from agriculturally-based bio-oil is identified

FlyRNAi: the Drosophila RNAi screening center database

RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for genetic screening in Drosophila. At the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center (DRSC), we are using a library of over 21 000 double-stranded RNAs targeting known and predicted genes in Drosophila. This library is available for the use of visiting scientists wishing to perform full-genome RNAi screens. The data generated from these screens are collected in the DRSC database () in a flexible format for the convenience of the scientist and for archiving data. The long-term goal of this database is to provide annotations for as many of the uncharacterized genes in Drosophila as possible. Data from published screens are available to the public through a highly configurable interface that allows detailed examination of the data and provides access to a number of other databases and bioinformatics tools

Electrical Charge State Manipulation of Single Silicon Vacancies in a Silicon Carbide Quantum Optoelectronic Device

Colour centres with long-lived spins are established platforms for quantum sensing and quantum information applications. Colour centres exist in different charge states, each of them with distinct optical and spin properties. Application to quantum technology requires the capability to access and stabilize charge states for each specific task. Here, we investigate charge state manipulation of individual silicon vacancies in silicon carbide, a system which has recently shown a unique combination of long spin coherence time and ultrastable spin-selective optical transitions. In particular, we demonstrate charge state switching through the bias applied to the colour centre in an integrated silicon carbide opto-electronic device. We show that the electronic environment defined by the doping profile and the distribution of other defects in the device plays a key role for charge state control. Our experimental results and numerical modeling evidence that control of these complex interactions can, under certain conditions, enhance the photon emission rate. These findings open the way for deterministic control over the charge state of spin-active colour centres for quantum technology and provide novel techniques for monitoring doping profiles and voltage sensing in microscopic devices

Информационная система учета и анализа работы информационно-вычислительного сектора ГБУЗ КО «Юргинская городская больница»

В выпускной квалификационной работе представлена разработка информационной системы учета и анализа работы информационно-вычислительного сектора ГБУЗ КО "Юргинская городская больница". Цель работы является создание информационной системы учета и анализа работы информационно-вычислительного сектора ГБУЗ КО "Юргинская городская больница". Информационная система выполняет следующие функции: учет обращений (заявок на ремонт), учет оборота картриджей, анализ взаиморасчетов с картридж-сервисом, учет выполненных работ. Пользователями информационной системы являются инженеры-программисты информационно-вычислительного сектора. Применение разработанной информационной системы позволит ускорить процессы получения и обработки информации, а так же уменьшить количество ошибок.The final qualifying work presents the development of information system of accounting and analysis of the information and computing sector of GBUZ TO "Yurga city hospital". The purpose of the work is to create an information system of accounting and analysis of the information and computing sector of GBUZ TO "Yurga city hospital". The information system performs the following functions: accounting for requests (repair requests), accounting for the turnover of cartridges, analysis of mutual settlements with the cartridge service, accounting for work performed. Users of the information system are software engineers of the information and computing sector. The application of the developed information system will speed up the processes of obtaining and processing information, as well as reduc

A comparison of welfare outcomes for weaner and mature Bos indicus bulls surgically or tension ban castrated with or without analgesia: 2. responses related to stress, health and productivity

Tension banding castration of cattle is gaining favour because it is relatively simple to perform and is promoted by retailers of the banders as a humane castration method. Two experiments were conducted, under tropical conditions using Bos indicus bulls comparing tension banding (Band) and surgical (Surgical) castration of weaner (7-10 months old) and mature (22-25 months old) bulls with and without pain management (NSAID (ketoprofen) or saline injected intramuscularly immediately prior to castration). Welfare outcomes were assessed using a range of measures; this paper reports on some physiological, morbidity and productivity-related responses to augment the behavioural responses reported in an accompanying paper. Blood samples were taken on the day of castration (day 0) at the time of restraint (0. min) and 30. min (weaners) or 40. min (mature bulls), 2. h, and 7. h; and days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 post-castration. Plasmas from day 0 were assayed for cortisol, creatine kinase, total protein and packed cell volume. Plasmas from the other samples were assayed for cortisol and haptoglobin (plus the 0. min sample). Liveweights were recorded approximately weekly to 6 weeks and at 2 and 3 months post-castration. Castration sites were checked at these same times to 2 months post-castration to score the extent of healing and presence of sepsis. Cortisol concentrations (mean. ±. s.e. nmol/L) were significantly (