¿Es posible mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua de un viñedo mediante un acolchado orgánico del suelo?

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto que un acolchado orgánico del suelo (restos de poda) puede tener sobre la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) de la vid con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua. El estudio se realizó durante la campaña de 2015 en la finca “Las Tiesas”, Albacete (España). Las medidas se llevaron a cabo en un lisímetro monolítico de pesada ubicado en el centro de una parcela de vid (Vitis vinífera L., cv. Tempranillo) de 1 ha de superficie, y con cepas plantadas a un marco de 3 x 1,5 m y conducción en espaldera. Se llevaron a cabo tres ciclos de medidas, cada uno consistió en mantener el suelo desnudo durante los dos primeros días, los dos siguientes se cubrió la superficie del lisímetro con un acolchado orgánico (restos de poda de la vid) y los dos últimos días se cubrió el lisímetro con un acolchado inorgánico (lona de plástico). Los resultados indican que para la misma demanda evaporativa y fracción de cubierta vegetal, el acolchado orgánico redujo la ETc de la vid algo más de un 17%, mientras que el plástico la redujo un 25%. Los resultados obtenidos indican que con el acolchado orgánico sigue produciéndose una cierta evaporación de agua desde el suelo, pero se reduce considerablemente la ETc pudiéndose mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad FEDER AGL2014-54201-C4-4- RRTA 2011-00100-C05-04RTA 2014-00049-C05-0

Transferencia de resultados de investigación para el ahorro de agua y de la energía en comunidades de regantes a través del entorno de gestión integrada CORENET-COREGEST

En la actualidad se está produciendo un incremento en la demanda para realizar una gestión optimizada del agua y de la energía empleadas en el regadío. Esto ha dado lugar a una importante actividad de I+D con diferentes sistemas, productos y servicios, que comparten el objetivo de mejorar la aplicación del agua y/o de la energía. Sin embargo, el conocimiento generado choca con dificultades a la hora de transferir los resultados hacia los usuarios finales. Esto es debido, al menos en parte, a la necesidad de que las Comunidades de Regantes cambien su modelo de gestión y sean capaces de integrar los resultados de este conocimiento con los procesos normales de gestión que se emplean en las mismas. SERINA ha desarrollado la metodología y el Enterprsise Resource Planning (ERP) de gestión CORENET-COREGEST, que permite modernizar los procesos de gestión de las Comunidades de Regantes e integrar herramientas/sistemas/servicios externos generados por los centros de I+D con el objetivo de mejorar la gestión, fundamentalmente, del agua y de la energía. En este trabajo se muestran algunos casos que ilustran lo anterior y se explican las ventajas para las Comunidades de Regantes usuarias así como por los centros de I+D que han integrado sus productos en CORENET-COREGEST

Ecophysiological responses of grapevine rootstocks to water deficit

[eng] The use of rootstocks tolerant to soil water deficit is an interesting strategy to face the challenges posed by limited water availability. Currently, several nurseries are breeding new genotypes aiming to improve the water stress tolerance of grapevine, but the physiological basis of its responses under water stress are largely unknown. For this purpose, an ecophysiological assessment of the conventional 110-Richter (110R) and SO4, and the new M1 and M4 rootstocks was carried out in ungrafted potted plants. During one season, these Vitis genotypes were grown under greenhouse conditions and subjected to two water regimes, well-watered (WW) and deficit irrigation (DI). Water potentials of plants under DI down to <-1.4 MPa, and net photosynthesis (AN) <5 μmol CO2m-2s-1 did not cause leaf oxidative stress damage compared to WW conditions in all genotypes. The antioxidant capacity was sufficient to neutralize the mild oxidative stress suffered. Under both water regimes, gravimetric differences in daily water use were observed among genotypes, leading to differences in the biomass of roots and shoots. Under WW conditions, SO4 and 110R were the most vigorous and M1 and M4 the least. However, under DI, SO4 exhibited the greatest reduction in biomass, while 110R showed the lowest. Remarkably, under these conditions, SO4 reached the least negative stem water potential and showed the highest hydraulic conductance values. Conversely, M1 reduced the most stomatal conductance, transpiration and AN. Overall, 110R achieved the highest biomass water use efficiency in response to DI, and SO4 the lowest, while M-rootstocks showed intermediate values. Our results suggest that there are differences in water use regulation among genotypes attributed not only to differences in stomatal regulation but also to plant hydraulic conductance. Therefore, it is hypothesized that differences in genotype performance may be due to root anatomical- morphological differences and to several physiological processes such as growth inhibition, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant production, nutrient translocation capacity, etc. Further studies are needed to confirm these differential ecophysiological responses of Vitis species under water stress, particularly under field and grafted conditions

EVALUACIÓN DE LA PROGRAMACIÓN DEL RIEGO EN UNA COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES MEDIANTE BALANCE DE ENERGIA CON IMÁGENES LANDSAT 8

[EN] Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL) parametrized for citrus (Jiménez-Bello et al. 2015) was applied to an irrigation district during the irrigation season 2014. 22 irrigated orchards were selected and monthly ratios of ET calculated by FAO methodology (ETFAO), with no soil water limitations, and calculated ET by SEBAL (ETSEBAL ) were compared to the ratio of ETFAO and supplied volumes to each orchard (VOL). Linear and potential trends of ETSEBAL ETFAO-1 compared to ETFAO Vol-1 were determined. In every month there was a positive correlation for the two trends, showing that ETSEBAL in stressed crops is lower than ETFAO. The potential trend has shown best determination coefficients, since for overirrigated crops water percolates and is not registered in the surface energy balance model. Instead of further research is needed to know how pixel size and vegetation cover affect ETSEBAL, SEBAL is a methodology that can be used to estimate citrus water requirements for large irrigation districts,[ES] El modelo para para el cálculo de la evapotranspiración (ET) por balance de energía a nivel del suelo (SEBAL), una vez ha sido parametrizado para cítricos (Jiménez-Bello et al. 2015), ha sido aplicado a una comunidad de regantes durante la campaña de riego 2014. Entre las parcelas regadas se han seleccionado 22 y se han comparado mensualmente los ratios de la ET calculada mediante la metodología FAO (ETFAO), que lo hace para un cultivo sin limitaciones de agua en el suelo, y la ET calculada con SEBAL (ETSEBAL) frente al ratio de ETFAO y los volúmenes aportados a cada parcela (VOL). Se ha determinado la tendencia lineal y potencial de la comparación de ETSEBAL ETFAO-1 con ETFAO Vol-1 . En todos los meses ha existido correlación positiva de los datos para las dos tendencias, lo que viene a demostrar que ETSEBAL en cultivos estresados es menor que ETFAO. El modelo potencial ha mostrado mejores coeficientes de determinación, puesto que en cultivos sobreregados llega un límite en el que no se produce más ET y al percolar el agua, ésta no queda recogida en el balance de energía superficial. A falta de una investigación más detallada de cómo puede afectar el tamaño y la cubierta vegetal de la parcela, SEBAL es una metodología que puede ser utilizada para la estimación de las necesidades de riego en cítricos en comunidades de regantes.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el proyecto FIGARO del Séptimo Programa Marco europeo. Los autores agradecen la ayuda proporcionada por el personal del Sector XI de Picassent.Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Martínez Alzamora, F.; Martínez Gimeno, M.; Intrigliolo, D. (2015). EVALUACIÓN DE LA PROGRAMACIÓN DEL RIEGO EN UNA COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES MEDIANTE BALANCE DE ENERGIA CON IMÁGENES LANDSAT 8. En XXXIII CONGRESO NACIONAL DE RIEGOS. Valencia 16-18 junio de 2015. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/CNRiegos.2015.1505OC

Usefulness of the ZIM-probe technology for detecting water stress in clementine and persimmon trees

Further improvement on irrigation management requires continuous plant water status monitoring. The non-invasive ZIM-probe measures the pressure (Pp) transfer function through a patch of an intact leaf, which is inversely correlated with the turgor pressure. Data are sent wireless in real-Time by telemetry to an internet server via a mobile phone network where it is available to be analyzed. In this work, the detection of water stress by measuring relative changes in turgor pressure with the ZIM-probe was evaluated in clementine and persimmon trees. Ten trees of both species were equipped with two ZIM-probes each located at the east side of the canopy. The ZIM-probes were used over several months during which half of the trees were subjected to two drought cycles. Concomitant measurements of stem water potential (&psi;s) were taken at midday in both orchards during the drought periods. Additionally, determinations of &psi;s and stomatal conductance (gs) were also performed during 1-2 days at hourly intervals in the clementine and persimmon orchards, respectively, to study the existing relationship of these classical indicators with the leaf turgor pressure. Results showed that diurnal Pp values increased in non-irrigated clementine trees when water restrictions were imposed. Persimmon drought-stressed trees, on the other hand, showed different Pp curve shapes (half and complete inverse curve) depending on the level of stress reached by the trees. There was a tight correlation between the hourly spot measurements of &psi;s and gs with the probe data. Overall, results show that the ZIM-probe enables the detection of drought stress in clementine and persimmon trees. Nevertheless, different approaches for calculating the water stress level must be used in each of these species due to the higher tendency of persimmon leaves to the inversed Pp curve phenomena

Development and validation of an automatic thermal imaging process forassessing plant water status

[EN] Leaf temperature is a physiological trait that can be used for monitoring plant water status. Nowadays, by means of thermography, canopy temperature can be remotely determined. In this sense, it is crucial to automatically process the images. In the present work, a methodology for the automatic analysis of frontal images taken on individual trees was developed. The procedure can be used when cameras take at the same time thermal and visible scenes, so it is not necessary to reference the images. In this way, during the processing in batch, no operator participated. The procedure was developed by means of a non supervised classification of the visible image from which the presence of sky and soil could be detected. In case of existence, a mask was performed for the extraction of intermediate pixels to calculate canopy temperature by means of the thermal image. At the same time, sunlit and shady leaves could be detected and isolated. Thus, the procedure allowed to separately determine canopy temperature either of the more exposed part of the canopy or of the shaded portion. The methodology developed was validated using images taken in several regulated deficit irrigation trials in Persimmon and two citrus cultivars (Clementina de Nules and Navel Lane-Late). Overall, results indicated that similar canopy temperatures were calculated either by means of the automatic process or the manual procedure. The procedure developed allows to drastically reduce the time needed for image analysis also considering that no operator participation was required. This tool will facilitate further investigations in course for assessing the feasibility of thermography for detecting plant water status in woody perennial crops with discontinuous canopies. Preliminary results reported indicate that the type of crop evaluated has an important influence in the results obtained from thermographic imagery. Thus, in Persimmon trees there were good correlations between canopy temperature and plant water status while, in Clementina de Nules and Navel Lane-Late citrus cultivars canopy temperature differences among trees could not be related with tree-to-tree variations in plant water status.This research was supported by funds from the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias and the "Denominacion de origen Caqui Ribera del Xuquer" via "Proyecto Integral Caqui". from projects Rideco-Consolider CSD2006-0067 and Interreg IV Sudoe Telerieg. Thanks are also due to J. Castel, E. Badal, I. Buesa and D. Guerra for assistance with field work and to the Servicio de Tecnologia del Riego for providing the meteorological data.Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Ballester, C.; Castel Sanchez, R.; Intrigliolo Molina, DS. (2011). Development and validation of an automatic thermal imaging process forassessing plant water status. Agricultural Water Management. (98):1497-1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.05.002S149715049

Thermographic measurement of canopy temperature is a useful tool for predicting water deficit effects on fruit weight in citrus trees

[EN] Alternative and more practical methods for plant water stress detection than stem water potential (ψs) and stomatal conductance (gs) are needed when regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies are applied. The aim of this experiment was to compare sap flow and canopy temperature (Tc) measurements with more classical methods like ψs or gs to predict the effect of deficit irrigation on fresh fruit weight in citrus trees. The experiment was performed during the summer of 2011 in a “Clementina de Nules” orchard undergoing RDI. Sap flow was determined by means of the compensation heat pulse method in well-watered and RDI trees. Tc was measured continuously with infrared thermometers (IRTs) mounted over the canopies and also weekly with an infrared hand-operated thermographic camera taking frontal images of the sunlit side of tree crowns. Concurrently, ψs and gs were also measured on all trees. Results showed that the evolution of the relative transpiration obtained with the sap flow sensors was in agreement with the plant water stress experienced. The values of Tc obtained with the fixed IRTs, normalized by air temperature (Tc − Ta) were in general poorly related with ψs and gs. However, when Tc was obtained from thermal imaging, there was a good correlation with ψs in days of relatively high water stress (i.e. when ψs differences among treatments were >1.0 MPa). The average fruit weight at harvest was significantly correlated with all the stress indicators, and the best correlation was that of thermographic Tc followed by ψs and gs. Overall, results showed that in citrus trees Tc measurement obtained from thermal imaging is a good tool to predict the effect of water deficit on fresh fruit weight.The authors thank H. Hernandez and T. Yeves for their help with the field work. This experiment has been funded by the RIDECO-CONSOLIDER CSD2006-00067 and Telerieg Interreg IV Sudoe projects. C. Ballester was holder of a predoctoral fellowship FPI-INIA-CCAA. D.S. Intrigliolo acknowledges the financial support received from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) program "Ramon y Cajal".Ballester, C.; Castel, J.; Jiménez Bello, MÁ.; Castel Sánchez, JR.; Intrigliolo Molina, DS. (2013). Thermographic measurement of canopy temperature is a useful tool for predicting water deficit effects on fruit weight in citrus trees. Agricultural Water Management. 122:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.02.005S1612

Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on yield and grape composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell

[EN] Warm and semi-arid climates are characterized by rainfall scarcity, resulting in the frequent use of low-quality water for irrigation. This work was undertaken to study the effects of water stress and saline irrigation on yield and grape composition of Monastrell grapevines grafted onto 1103P rootstock. The experiment was carried out during three consecutive seasons in a commercial vineyard located in Jumilla (SE Spain) with a loamy-sandy soil. Rainfed vines were compared with five watering regimes including a Control, irrigated with standard water, and four treatments that combined two different schedules for irrigation initiation (pre- and post-veraison) with saline water obtained by adding two types of salts (sulphates and chlorides). Vines from treatments with more severe water stress (i.e., rainfed) showed lower yields and vegetative growth. Moreover, the Rainfed treatment clearly modified grape composition when compared with the Control treatment by increasing berry phenolic content. The application of saline water slightly affected vine performance and grape composition regardless of the type of salts added to the irrigation water. Indeed, the watering regime had a greater effect on yield, vegetative growth and grape composition than the use of different saline waters. Our results suggest that, in the mid-term (3 years), and with a vineyard soil with good drainage, the use of saline waters is not detrimental to vine performance, but does not improve grape composition. Further research is required to assess the long-term effects of saline water application, particularly in view of the important accumulation of chlorides and sodium in leaf tissues observed in vines watered with salty water at the last season of this experiment.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUECSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with FEDER co-financing [grant numbers AGL-2014-54201-C4-4-R and AGL2017-83738-C3-3-R].Martínez-Moreno, A.; Pérez-Álvarez, E.; Intrigliolo, D.; Mirás-Avalos, J.; López-Urrea, R.; Gil-Muñoz, R.; Lizama Abad, V.... (2023). Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on yield and grape composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell. Irrigation Science. 41(4):469-485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-022-00795-x469485414Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO irrigation and drainage, paper 56. FAO, Rome 300(9):D05109Amerine MA, Winkler AJ (1944) Composition and quality of musts and wines of California grapes. Hilgardia. 15:493–675Blouin J (1992) Tecniques d´analyses des moûtes et des vins. Dujardin-Salleron, Paris, FranceBuesa I, Pérez D, Castel J, Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2017) Effect of deficit irrigation on vine performance and grape composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Muscat of Alexandria. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 23:251–259Castellarin SD, Pfeiffer A, Sivilotti P, Degan M, Peterlunger E, Di Gaspero G (2007) Transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ripening fruits of grapevine under seasonal water deficit. Plant Cell Environ. 30:1381–1399Chalmers YM, Downey MO, Krstic MP, Loveys BR, Dry PR (2010) Influence of sustained deficit Irrigation on colour parameters of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz microscale wine fermentations. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 16:298–316Chaves MM, Flexas J, Pinheiro C (2009) Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann Bot. 103:551–560Choné X, Van Leeuwen C, Dubourdieu D, Gaudillère JP (2001) Stem water potential is a sensitive indicator of grapevine water status. Ann Bot. 87:477–483Cramer GR, Ergui A, Grimplet J, Tillett RL, Tattersall EAR, Bohlman MC (2007) Water and salinity stress in grapevines: early and late changes in transcript and metabolite profiles. Funct Integr Genomics. 7:111–134Dag A, Ben-Gal A, Goldberger S, Yermiyahu U, Zipori I, David I, Netzer Y, Kerem Z (2015) Sodium and chloride distribution in grapevines as a function of rootstock and irrigation water salinity. Am J Enol Vitic. 66:80–84Degaris KA, Walker RR, Loveys BR, Tyerman SD (2016) Comparative effects of deficit and partial root-zone drying irrigation techniques using moderately saline water on ion partitioning in Shiraz and Grenache grapevines. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 22:296–306Deluc LG, Quilici DR, Decendit A, Grimplet J, Wheatley MD, Schlauch KA (2009) Water deficit alters differentially metabolic pathways affecting important flavor and quality traits in grape berries of Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. BMC Genomics. 10:212–238Downey MO, Dokoozlian NK, Krstic MP (2006) Cultural practice and environmental impacts on the flavonoid composition of grapes and wine: a review of recent research. Am J Enol Vitic. 57:257–268Downton WJS (1977) Photosynthesis in salt-stressed grapevines. Aust J Plant Physiol 4(2):183–192Ezzhaouani A, Valancogne C, Pieri P, Amalak T, Gaudillère JP (2007) Water economy by Italia grapevines under different irrigation treatments in a Mediterranean climate. J Int Sci Vigne et du Vin. 41:131–139Fernández JE, Alcon F, Diaz-Espejo A, Hernandez-Santana V, Cuevas MV (2020) Water use indicators and economic analysis for on-farm irrigation decision: a casestudy of a super high density olive tree orchard. Agric Water Manag. 237:106074Gambetta GA, Carlos Herrera J, Dayer S, Feng Q, Hochberg U, Castellarin SD (2020) The physiology of drought stress in grapevine: towards an integrative definition of drought tolerance. J Exp Bot. 71:4658–4676Glories Y (1984) La couleur des vins rouges. 1re. Partie: les equilibres des anthocyanes et des tanins. J Int Sci Vigne et du Vin. 18:195–217Hawker JS, Walker RR (1978) The effect of sodium chloride on the growth and fruiting of Cabernet Sauvignon vines. Am J Enol Vitic. 29:172–176Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2011) Interactive effects of deficit irrigation and shoot and cluster thinning on grapevine cv. Tempranillo. Water relations, vine performance and berry and wine composition. Irrig Sci 29(6):443–454Intrigliolo DS, Lizama V, García-Esparza MJ, Abrisqueta I, Álvarez I (2016) Effects of post-versions irrigation regime on cabernet sauvignon Grapevines in Valencia, Spain: yield and grape composition. Agric Water Manag. 170:110–119IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change). (2019) Climate Change 2019: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. http://ipcc‐wg2.gov/AR5/report/final‐drafts. Accessed 11 Sept 2021Junquera P, Lissarrague JR, Jimenez L, Linares R, Baeza P (2012) Long-term effects of different irrigation strategies on yield components, vine vigour, and grape composition in cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.). Irrig Sci. 30:351–361Keller M (2015) The science of grapevines, anatomy and physiology. Second edition. Ed. Elsevier, San Diego, CAKennedy JA, Matthews MA, Waterhouse AL (2002) Effect of maturity and vine water status on grape skin and wine flavonoids. Am J Enol Vitic. 53:268–274Kliewer WM, Dokoozlian NK (2005) Leaf area/crop weight ratios of grapevines: influence on fruit composition and wine quality. Am J Enol Vitic. 56(2):170–181López-Urrea R, Montoro A, Mañas F, López-Fuster P, Fereres E (2012) Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients from lysimeter measurements of mature Tempranillo wine grapes. Agric Water Manag. 112:13–20Maas EV, Hoffman GJ (1977) Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. J Irrig Drain Div 103:115–134Martínez-Moreno A, Pérez-Álvarez EP, López-Urrea R, Paladines-Quezada DF, Moreno-Olivares JD, Intrigliolo DS, Gil-Muñoz R (2021) Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on wine color and polyphenoliccomposition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell. Sci Hortic 283:110085Martínez-Moreno A, Pérez-Álvarez E, López-Urrea R, Intrigliolo D, González-Centeno MR, Teissedre P-L, Gil-Muñoz R (2022) Is deficit irrigation with saline waters a viable alternative for winegrowers in semiarid areas? OENO One 56(1):101–116Matthews MA, Anderson MM (1989) Reproductive development in grape (Vitis vinifera L.): responses to seasonal water deficits. Am J Enol Vitic. 40:52–60Medrano H, Tomás M, Martorell S, Escalona JM, Pou A, Fuentes S, Flexas J, Bota J (2015) Improving water use efficiency of vineyards in semi-arid regions a review. Agron Sustain Dev 35:499–517Mirás-Avalos JM, Intrigliolo DS (2017) Grape composition under abiotic constrains: water stress and salinity. Front Plant Sci. 8:851Munitz S, Netzer Y, Schwartz A (2018) Sustained and regulated deficit irrigation of field-grown Merlot grapevines. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 23:87–94Myers BJ (1988) Water stress integral: a link between short-term stress and long-term growth. Tree Physiol. 4:315–323Nauriyal JP, Gupta OP (1967) Studies on salt tolerance of grape. Effect of total salt concentration. J Wine Res. 4:197–205Netzer Y, Shenker M, Schwartz A (2014) Effects of irrigation using treated wastewater on table grape vineyards: dynamics of sodium accumulation in soil and plant. Irrig Sci. 32:283–294Ojeda H, Andary C, Kraeva E, Carbonnea A, Deloire A (2002) Influence of preand postveraison water deficit on synthesis and concentration of skin phenolic compounds during berry growth of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz. Am J Enol Vitic. 53:261–267Ortega JF, De Juan JA, Tarjuelo JM (2005) Improving water management: the irrigation advisory service of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Agric Water Manag. 77:37–58Pellegrino A, Lebon E, Simonneau T, Wery J (2005) Towards a simple indicator of water stress in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) based on the differential sensitivities of vegetative growth components. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 11:306–315Pereira LS, Paredes P, Jovanovic N (2020) Soil water balance models for determining crop water and irrigation requirements and irrigation scheduling focusing on the FAO56 method and the dual Kc approach. Agric Water Manag. 241:106357Pérez-Álvarez EP, Intrigliolo DS, Vivaldi GA, García-Esparza MJ, Lizama V, Álvarez I (2021) Effects of the irrigation regimes on grapevine cv. Bobal in a Mediterranean climate: I. Water relations, vine performance and grape composition. Agric Water Manag 248:106772Prior LD, Grieve AM, Slavich PG, Cullis BR (1992) Sodium chloride and soil texture interactions in irrigated field grown sultana grapevines. II. Plant mineral content, growth and physiology. Aust J Agric Res. 43:1067–1083Ramos MC, Pérez-Álvarez EP, Peregrina F, Martínez de Toda F (2020) Relationships between grape composition of Tempranillo variety and available soil water and water stress under different weather conditions. Sci Hortic. 262:109063Riquelme F, Martínez-Cutillas A (2018) El libro de la Monastrell. Cofradía del Vino Reino de la Monastrell. Consejería de Agua, Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Murcia. ISBN: 978-84-09-06249-2.Roby G, Harbertson JF, Adams DA, Matthews MA (2004) Berry size and vine water deficits as factors in winegrape composition: anthocyanins and tannins. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 10:100–107Romero P, Fernández-Fernández JI, Martínez-Cutillas A (2010) Physiological thresholds for efficient regulated deficit-irrigation management inwinegrapes grown under semiarid conditions. Am J Enol Vitic. 61:300–312Romero P, Gil-Muñoz R, del Amor FM, Valdés E, Fernández JI, Martinez-Cutillas A (2013) Regulated deficit irrigation based upon optimum water status improves phenolic composition in monastrell grapes and wines. Agric Water Manag. 121:85–101Romero P, García-García J, Fernández-Fernández JI, Gil Muñoz R, del Amor F, Martínez-Cutillas A (2016) Improving berry and wine quality attributes and vineyard economic efficiency by long-term deficit irrigation practices under semiarid conditions. Sci Hortic. 203:69–85Romero P, Botía P, Maria Navarro J (2018) Selecting rootstocks to improve vine performance and vineyard sustainability in deficit irrigated Monastrell grapevines under semiarid conditions. Agric Water Manag. 209:73–93Santesteban LG, Miranda C, Royo JB (2011) Regulated deficit irrigation effects on growth, yield, grape quality and individual anthocyanin composition in Vitis vinifera L. cv. “Tempranillo.” Agric Water Manag. 98:1171–1179Sarneckis CJ, Dambergs RG, Jones P, Mercurio M, Herderich MJ, Smith PA (2006) Quantification of condensed tannins by precipitation with methylcellulose: development and validation of an optimised tool for grape and wine analysis. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 12:39–49Scacco A, Verzera A, Carmela M, Lanza A, Tripodi G, Dima G (2010) Influence of soil salinity on sensory characteristics and volatile aroma compounds of Nero d`Avola Wine. Am J Enol Vitic. 65:498–505Suarez DL, Celis N, Anderson RG, Sandhu D (2019) Grape rootstock response to salinity, water and combined salinity and water stresses. Agron. 9:321Van Leeuwen C, Tregoat O, Choné X, Bois B, Pernet D, Gaudillère JP (2009) Vine water status is a key factor in grape ripening and vintage quality for red Bordeaux wine. How can it be assessed for vineyard management purposes. J Int Sci Vigne du Vin. 43:121–134Vicente-Serrano SM, Lopez-Moreno JI, Beguería S, Lorenzo-Lacruz J, Sanchez-Lorenzo A, García-Ruiz JM, Azorin-Molina C, Morán-Tejeda E, Revuelto J, Trigo R, Coelho F, Espejo F (2014) Evidence of increasing drought severity caused by temperature rise in Southern Europe. Environ Res Lett 9:044001Walker RR, Scott NS, Kriedemann PE (1981) An analysis of photosynthetic response to salt treatment in Vitis vinifera. Aust J Plant Physiol. 8:359–374Walker R, Blackmore D, Clingeleffer P, Iacono F (1997) Effect of salinity and ramsey rootstock on ion concentrations and carbon dioxide assimilation in leaves of drip-irrigated, field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana). Aust J Grape Wine Res 3(2):66–74Walker RR, Blackmore DH, Clingeleffer PR, Correll RL (2002) Rootstock effect on salt tolerance of irrigated field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana). Yield and vigour inter-relationships. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 8:3–14Walker RR, Blackmore DH, Clingeleffer PR (2010) Impact of rootstock on yield and ion concentrations in petioles, juice and wine of Shiraz and Chardonnay in different viticultural environments with different irrigation water salinity. Aust J Grape Wine Res 16:243–257Zhang X, Walker RR, Stevens RM, Prior L (2002) Yield salinity relationships of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) on own roots and a range of rootstocks. Aust J Grape Wine Res. 8:150–156Zhu JK (2007) Plant Salt, Stress. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Nueva Jersey. EEUUZufferey V, Spring JL, Verdenal T, Dienes A, Belcher S, Lorenzini F, Koestel C, Rösti J, Gindro K, Spangenberg J, Viret O (2017) The influence of water stress on plant hydraulics, gas exchange, berry composition and quality of pinot noir wines in Switzerland. OENO One. 51:17–2

Volatile compounds and phenolic composition of skins and seeds of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes under different deficit irrigation regimes

[EN] Aroma compounds and skin and seed pohphenols arc determinants of wine composition. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different post-veraison deficit irrigation strategies on volatile profile and the chemical composition of grape skin and seeds in a 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vineyard in Valencia (Spain). Besides a non-irrigated regime (rainfed), irrigation treatments consisted of replacing 25, 50 and 75 % of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETC). When compared to rainfed vines, watering during post-veraison at 75 % of the ETC, decreased concentrations of alcohols but increased those of aldehydes such as hexanal, related to herbaceous (non-desirable) aromas in wines. Irrigating at 25 % or 50 % of ETC resulted in similar concentrations of grape volatile compounds than rainfed vines. There was also a general trend in a reduction in skin to flesh ratio as irrigation regime increased. The concentration of skin anthocyanins and tannins increased with water applications, but seed tannins decreased in the most irrigated regimes. This suggests different effects of water stress on skin and seed polyphenol synthesis and accumulation. For the tannin content, water stress provoked higher tannin mean degree polymerization values, which positively affect must astringency. Under the experimental conditions of the present study, watering at 50 % ETC during post-veraison is the recommended irrigation strategy for optimizing grape composition and improving yield in comparison with rainfed vines.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness MINECO (FEDER co-financing Projects TRACE 2009_00120 and AGL2014-54201-C4-4-R) and a grant agreement with Celler del Roure Winery.García Esparza, MJ.; Abrisqueta, I.; Escriche Roberto, MI.; Intrigliolo, D.; Alvarez Cano, MI.; Lizama Abad, V. (2018). Volatile compounds and phenolic composition of skins and seeds of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes under different deficit irrigation regimes. VITIS. 57(3):83-91. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2018.57.83-91S839157