Sectorial structure, qualitative characteristics and guidelines of labour mobility in the European Union.

In the context of the process of construction of a single labour market in the Economic Union, one of the greatest problems is the existence of certain levels of structural unemployment. From this point of view, the imbalance between the qualification characteristics of work supply and demand as well as the determining factors of geographical mobility among jobs become a relevant explication factor. The aim of the paper will be to carry out a comparative analysis of some of the most important characteristics of employment in European countries. For this, how different employed population groups are distributed by sectors of activity and labour occupations will be analysed, how these structures have been modified over time, and the patterns of labour mobility that interconnect activities and occupations in the framework of labour mobility, in order to see whether these evolutions are leading to an assimilation of labour characteristics in the countries, or not. Keywords: labour mobility, employment, service sector, European Union. JEL-Code: J62, L80, F02

Does tertiarization explain differences in labour market behaviour?: A cross national approach refering to European Union

There are ever more works which identify the service sector as the principal protagonist in the creation of employment in western economies, with respect to the recent past and in the near future. At the same time, agreement exists regarding the profound transformations that work characteristics are undergoing, a processs which can be finally expressed as an increment in what we could call "work flexibility". With reference to the previous questions, in the European Union very varied disparities can be found. Whilst employment in Ireland and in Spain increased noticeably between 1994 and 2000, (37 and 23% respectively), in Austria the increase was only 0.9% and in Germany 3%. On the other hand, we can also find great differences in labour behviour in terms of flexibility and rigidity. The thesis which we endeavour to prove in the work is double: In what measure do the services ( and their internal composition) explain both the processes of employment creation and the increment of job flexibility observed in the EU? In what measure do the differences in tertiarization (and their internal composition) in the EU countries explain the heterogeneity observed in both employment creation and increased job dynamics? For this, and by means of the data of the "European Household Panel", the paper will have the following scheme: a) In first place, the behaviour of job markets in the European Union countries will be revised (employment creation, the presence of services and the processes of tertiarization). b) Then the internal composition of the tertiary sector will be analyzed in each of these countries, checking the extent in which they are similar or different. c) Finally, using shift-share techniques the relation between tertiarization, processes of employment creation and work flexibility (through indicators of labour mobility) will be analyzed, in relation to the EU and to each of the member countries.

Intensidad tecnológica y características del empleo en el sector servicios

A partir de las peculiaridades que la relación tecnología-productividad-empleo\ud presenta en las actividades terciarias, este documento de trabajo realiza una primera\ud aproximación a la influencia ejercida por la intensidad tecnológica sobre las\ud características y comportamientos laborales de las diferentes ramas de servicios en\ud España. Para ello, y tras calcular un indicador de intensidad tecnológica basado en el\ud contenido tecnológico de los inputs intermedios, se desarrollan tres análisis distintos:\ud características de los puestos de trabajo, rasgos de los trabajadores integrados y\ud participación en los procesos de cambio estructural verificados en los servicios. Las\ud conclusiones alcanzadas apuntan hacia la existencia de una profunda diferenciación\ud laboral entre las ramas de alta y media intensidad, de un lado, y las de baja, por otro.\ud Las actividades pertenecientes a los dos primeros grupos presentan mayores\ud requerimientos de cualificaciones laborales, una mayor tasa de feminización y una\ud distribución por edades acentuada sobre los tramos intermedios. Además, se asocian con\ud procesos de trabajo más flexible y mejores condiciones de trabajo. Por último, las\ud actividades de media y alta intensidad son las que aparecen liderando los procesos de\ud reestructuración sectorial y de cualificaciones

Recent star formation in clusters of galaxies: extreme compact starbursts in A539 and A634

We report on the detection of two Halpha-emitting extreme compact objects from deep images of the Abell 634 and Abell 539 clusters of galaxies at z ~ 0.03. Follow up long slit spectroscopy of these two unresolved sources revealed that they are members of their respective clusters showing HII type spectra. The luminosity and the extreme equivalent width of Halpha+[NII] measured for these sources, together with their very compact appearance, has raised the question about the origin of these intense starbursts in the cluster environment. We propose the compact starburst in Abell 539 resulted from the compression of the interstellar gas of a dwarf galaxy when entering the cluster core; while the starburst galaxy in Abell 634 is likely to be the result of a galaxy-galaxy interaction, illustrating the preprocessing of galaxies during their infall towards the central regions of clusters. The contribution of these compact star-forming dwarf galaxies to the star formation history of galaxy clusters is discussed, as well as a possible link with the recently discovered early-type ultra-compact dwarf galaxies. We note that these extreme objects will be rarely detected in normal magnitude-limited optical or NIR surveys, mainly due to their low stellar masses (of the order of 10^6 solar masses), whereas they will easily show up in dedicated Halpha surveys given the high equivalent width of their emission lines.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal. 31 pages, 10 fig

Desarrollo de un servicio experimental de teledetección en los riegos del Porma (León) para el cálculo ajustado de necesidades hídricas y mejora en la gestión del regadío

El proyecto de innovación tecnológica OPTIREG Eficiencia Hídrica, impulsado por el Grupo Tragsa, tiene entre sus objetivos principales introducir el uso de la teledetección, como tecnología de apoyo a la gestión hídrica. Para ello se está desarrollando un servicio web gis experimental que servirá de repositorio único de imágenes y de sus productos derivados y que facilitará, tanto a los regantes, como a los gestores del riego, el seguimiento de los cultivos y de sus necesidades hídricas. Diversos estudios científicos han demostrado la buena relación lineal existente entre el índice de vegetación normalizado (NDVI), derivado de las imágenes de satélite, y el coeficiente de cultivo, Kc (Torres, 2010), utilizado en el cálculo de la evapotranspiración y las necesidades hídricas. Una primera evaluación de los resultados obtenidos en la campaña 2015 para los principales cultivos en regadío en la zona de estudio del Porma (León), indica que el Kc calculado a partir del NDVI, se ajusta mejor que el de FAO. Por ello, se considera un sistema muy válido como referencia para ajustar no sólo la cantidad de agua, sino también para determinar el momento más adecuado de riego, que redundará en una mayor eficiencia hídrica

Hyperthermia-Triggered Doxorubicin Release from Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanorods

In this paper, it is proposed that polymer-coated magnetic nanorods (MNRs) can be used with the advantage of a double objective: first, to serve as magnetic hyperthermia agents, and second, to be used as magnetic vehicles for the antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX). Two di erent synthetic methodologies (hydrothermal and co-precipitation) were used to obtain MNRs of maghemite and magnetite. They were coated with poly(ethyleneimine) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), and loaded with DOX, using the Layer-by-Layer technique. Evidence of the polymer coating and the drug loading was justified by ATR-FTIR and electrophoretic mobility measurements, and the composition of the coated nanorods was obtained by a thermogravimetric analysis. The nanorods were tested as magnetic hyperthermia agents, and it was found that they provided sufficiently large heating rates to be used as adjuvant therapy against solid tumors. DOX loading and release were determined by UV-visible spectroscopy, and it was found that up to 50% of the loaded drug was released in about 5 h, although the rate of release could be regulated by simultaneous application of hyperthermia, which acts as a sort of external release-trigger. Shape control offers another physical property of the particles as candidates to interact with tumor cells, and particles that are not too elongated can easily find their way through the cell membrane.This research work is supported by Junta de Andalucía (PE2012-FQM694); Feder Funds UE; and MINECO Ramón y Cajal programme (RYC-2014-16901)

Feasibility study of culture of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in different Galician rias (northwest Spain): First biological results

Batches of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) have been experimentally cultivated in three rías from Galicia (northwest Spain) using two different techniques: raft and intertidal culture. Performance of these batches was assessed by analysing the growth, mortality and quality of the oysters produced. First results suggested a good growth in the majority of the raft-cultured batches and in the intertidal zone with commercial oysters after 14 months. Mortality was low ( 15 %), especially in intertidal culture. Oysters were affected by blisters and mud worms, but without impairment to their market acceptability.Los problemas que la producción ostrícola tradicional gallega tiene planteados han puesto en peligro la continuidad del sector. En el marco de exploración de una alternativa parcial que contribuya a superarlos, se ha llevado a cabo el cultivo experimental de varios lotes de ostra rizada Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) en tres rías gallegas empleando dos técnicas diferentes: cultivo en batea y en zona intermareal. Se evaluó el rendimiento de los mismos mediante el análisis del crecimiento, la mortalidad y la calidad de las ostras producidas. Los primeros resultados mostraron un crecimiento adecuado en la mayor parte de los lotes cultivados, produciéndose ostras comerciales en 14 meses de cultivo, tanto en batea como en intermareal. La mortalidad fue baja en general (inferior al 15 %), especialmente en el cultivo intermareal. Las ostras se vieron afectadas por poliquetos perforadores y por anomalías de calcificación, pero sin llegar a condicionar su aceptabilidad comercial.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Gear transmission dynamic: Effects of tooth profile deviations and support flexibility

In this work a non-linear dynamic model of spur gear transmissions previously developed by the authors is extended to include both desired (relief) and undesired (manufacture errors) deviations in the tooth profile. The model uses a hybrid method for the calculation of meshing forces, which combines FE analysis and analytical formulation, so that it enables a very straightforward implementation of the tooth profile deviations. The model approach handles well non-linearity due to the variable meshing stiffness and the clearances involved in gear dynamics, also including the same phenomena linked to bearings. In order to assess the ability of the model to simulate the impact of the deviations on the transmission dynamics, an example is presented including profile deviations under different values of transmitted torque. Several results of this example implementation are presented, showing the model's effectiveness.This paper has been developed in the framework of Project DPI2006-14348 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology