Zenith total delay study of a mesoscale convective system : GPS observations and fine-scale modelling

Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) observations and model calculations are used to analyze a mesoscale convective system which yielded a large amount of precipitation over a short period of time in the north-western Mediterranean. ZTD observations are derived from the GPS signal delay whereas the ZTD model results are calculated by means of the MM5 mesoscale model. Large values of the root-mean-square (rms) differences between the ZTD derived from the observations and the modeling are found for the maximum activity of the mesoscale convective system. It appears that the average bias between observations and modeling results is slightly affected (20%) by the passage of the storm system which is associated to the water vapor variability of the atmosphere. We have analyzed the ZTD differences in terms of the two components: the Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD) and the Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD). The hydrostatic error is mainly caused by the differences between the elevation of the GPS stations and the model topography and is reduced when using a more accurate topography data set. We propose a correction for this error assuming hydrostatic equilibrium. The remaining average ZTD difference is associated to the ZWD and is mainly generated by inaccuracies of the mesoscale model to predict the water vapor content during the rainfall event

La puntuación en los textos del Siglo de Oro y en el 'Quijote'

This article examines the punctuation in Golden Age texts, in particular in Don Quixote. The author analyzes the discrepancies between theory and practice of the printers, the features of the punctuation in manuscripts, and the absence of a general system, due in part to the absence of a unique and precise system in Spanish. The article provides numerous examples of Golden Age text and of the Quixote.El artículo trata de las prácticas de puntuación en los textos del Siglo de Oro, y en particular en el Quijote. Examina la discrepancia entre las teorías y la práctica de los impresores, las características de la puntuación en manuscritos, y la falta de sistema general que se debe en parte a la inexistencia de un sistema único en español. Se integran en el comentario numerosos ejemplos de textos auriseculares y del Quijote

Más sobre el lenguaje emblemático en el Viaje del Parnaso de Cervantes

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