185 research outputs found
Lensing by Kerr Black Holes. II: Analytical Study of Quasi-Equatorial Lensing Observables
In this second paper, we develop an analytical theory of quasi-equatorial
lensing by Kerr black holes. In this setting we solve perturbatively our
general lens equation with displacement given in Paper I, going beyond
weak-deflection Kerr lensing to third order in our expansion parameter epsilon,
which is the ratio of the angular gravitational radius to the angular Einstein
radius. We obtain new formulas and results for the bending angle, image
positions, image magnifications, total unsigned magnification, and centroid,
all to third order in epsilon and including the displacement. New results on
the time delay between images are also given to second order in epsilon, again
including displacement. For all lensing observables we show that the
displacement begins to appear only at second order in epsilon. When there is no
spin, we obtain new results on the lensing observables for Schwarzschild
lensing with displacement.Comment: 23 pages; final published versio
The Theory of Caustics and Wavefront Singularities with Physical Applications
This is intended as an introduction to and review of the work of V, Arnold
and his collaborators on the theory of Lagrangian and Legendrian submanifolds
and their associated maps. The theory is illustrated by applications to
Hamilton-Jacobi theory and the eikonal equation, with an emphasis on null
surfaces and wavefronts and their associated caustics and singularities.Comment: Figs. not include
Gravitational lensing in fourth order gravity
Gravitational lensing is investigated in the weak field limit of fourth order
gravity in which the Lagrangian of the gravitational field is modified by
replacing the Ricci scalar curvature R with an analytical expression .
Considering the case of a pointlike lens, we study the behaviour of the
deflection angle in the case of power law Lagrangians, i.e. with f(R) = f_0
R^n. In order to investigate possible detectable signatures, the position of
the Einstein ring and the solutions of the lens equation are evaluated
considering the change with respect to the standard case. Effects on the
amplification of the images and the Paczynski curve in microlensing experiments
are also estimated.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication on Physical Review
Analysis of U.S. Federal Funding Agency Data Sharing Policies
Federal funding agencies in the United States (U.S.) continue to work towards implementing their plans to increase public access to funded research and comply with the 2013 Office of Science and Technology memo Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research. In this article we report on an analysis of research data sharing policy documents from 17 U.S. federal funding agencies as of February 2021. Our analysis is guided by two questions: 1.) What do the findings suggest about the current state of and trends in U.S. federal funding agency data sharing requirements? 2.) In what ways are universities, institutions, associations, and researchers affected by and responding to these policies? Over the past five years, policy updates were common among these agencies and several themes have been thoroughly developed in that time; however, uncertainty remains around how funded researchers are expected to satisfy these policy requirements
Image distortion in non perturbative gravitational lensing
We introduce the idea of {\it shape parameters} to describe the shape of the
pencil of rays connecting an observer with a source lying on his past
lightcone. On the basis of these shape parameters, we discuss a setting of
image distortion in a generic (exact) spacetime, in the form of three {\it
distortion parameters}. The fundamental tool in our discussion is the use of
geodesic deviation fields along a null geodesic to study how source shapes are
propagated and distorted on the path to an observer. We illustrate this
non-perturbative treatment of image distortion in the case of lensing by a
Schwarzschild black hole. We conclude by showing that there is a
non-perturbative generalization of the use of Fermat's principle in lensing in
the thin-lens approximation.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. D (January 2001
Mathematics of Gravitational Lensing: Multiple Imaging and Magnification
The mathematical theory of gravitational lensing has revealed many generic
and global properties. Beginning with multiple imaging, we review
Morse-theoretic image counting formulas and lower bound results, and
complex-algebraic upper bounds in the case of single and multiple lens planes.
We discuss recent advances in the mathematics of stochastic lensing, discussing
a general formula for the global expected number of minimum lensed images as
well as asymptotic formulas for the probability densities of the microlensing
random time delay functions, random lensing maps, and random shear, and an
asymptotic expression for the global expected number of micro-minima. Multiple
imaging in optical geometry and a spacetime setting are treated. We review
global magnification relation results for model-dependent scenarios and cover
recent developments on universal local magnification relations for higher order
caustics.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figures. Invited review submitted for special issue of
General Relativity and Gravitatio
Gravitational lensing by stars with angular momentum
Gravitational lensing by spinning stars, approximated as homogeneous spheres,
is discussed in the weak field limit. Dragging of inertial frames, induced by
angular momentum of the deflector, breaks spherical symmetry. I examine how the
gravito-magnetic field affects image positions, caustics and critical curves.
Distortion in microlensing-induced light curves is also considered.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures; to appear in MNRA
Identifying Lenses with Small-Scale Structure. I. Cusp Lenses
The inability of standard models to explain the flux ratios in many 4-image
gravitational lenses has been cited as evidence for significant small-scale
structure in lens galaxies. That claim has generally relied on detailed lens
modeling, so it is both model dependent and somewhat difficult to interpret. We
present a more robust and generic method for identifying lenses with
small-scale structure. For a close triplet of images associated with a source
near a cusp caustic, the sum of the signed magnifications should approximately
vanish. We derive realistic upper bounds on the sum, and argue that lenses with
flux ratios that significiantly violate the bounds can be said to have
structure in the lens potential on scales smaller than the image separation.
Five observed lenses have such flux ratio ``anomalies'': B2045+265, 1RXS
J1131-1231, and SDSS J0924+0219 have strong anomalies; B0712+472 has a strong
anomaly at optical/near-IR wavelengths and a marginal anomaly at radio
wavelengths; and RX J0911+0551 appears to have an anomaly, but this conclusion
is subject to uncertainties about octopole modes in early-type galaxies.
Analysis of the cusp relation does not identify the known anomaly in B1422+231,
so methods that are more sophisticated (and less generic) than the cusp
relation may be necessary to uncover flux ratio anomalies in some systems.
Although these flux ratio anomalies might represent milli- or micro-lensing, we
cannot identify the cause; we can only conclude that the lenses have
significant structure in the potential on scales smaller than the separation
between the images. Additional arguments must be invoked to specify the nature
of this small-scale structure. [Abridged]Comment: significant revisions to extend analysis and strengthen conclusions;
low-res version of Fig. 5 here, for high-res version see
http://astro.uchicago.edu/~ckeeton/Papers/cuspreln.ps.g
3-D Seismic Interpretation and Volumetric Estimation of “Osaja Field” Niger Delta, Nigeria
3-D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of the Osaja Field, Niger Delta, was carried out with aim of carrying out a detailed structural interpretation, reservoir characterization and volumetric estimation of the field. Four wells were correlated across the field to delineate the lithology and establish the continuity of reservoir sand as well as the general stratigraphy of the area. The petrophysical analysis carried out, revealed two sand units that are hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs (Sand_A and Sand_B).The spatial variation of the reservoirs were studied on a field wide scale using seismic interpretation. Time and depth structural maps generated were used to establish the structural architecture/geometry of the prospect area of the field. The depth structure map revealed NE-SW trending anticlinal structures with F5 and F6 as faults assisted closures to the reservoir. Furthermore, reservoir parameters such as net pay, water saturation porosity, net-to-gross etc, were derived from the integration of seismic and well log data. The structural interpretation on the 3-D seismic data of the study area revealed a total of seven faults ranging from synthetic to antithetic faults. The petrophysical analysis gave the porosity values of the reservoir Sand_A ranging from 18.1 - 20.3% and reservoir Sand_B ranging from 13.1-14.9% across the reservoir. The permeability values of reservoir Sand_A ranging from 63-540md and reservoir Sand_B ranging from 18-80md hence there is decrease in porosity and permeability of the field with depth.The net-to-gross varies from 22.1% to 22.4% in Rerservoir Sand A to between 5.34- 12% for Rerservoir Sand _A while Sw values for the reservoirs ranges from 38-42% in well 2 to about 68.79-96.06% in well 11. The result of original oil in place for all the wells calculated revealed that well 2 has the highest value with 9.3mmbls. These results indicate that the reservoirs under consideration have a poor to fair hydrocarbon (oil) prospect
Asymptotic Expansions and Amplification of a Gravitational Lens Near a Fold Caustic
We propose two methods that enable us to obtain approximate solutions of the
lens equation near a fold caustic with an arbitrary degree of accuracy. We
obtain "post-linear" corrections to the well-known formula in the linear
caustic approximation for the total amplification of two critical images of a
point source. In this case, in order to obtain the nontrivial corrections we
had to go beyond the approximation orders earlier used by Keeton et al. and to
take into account the Taylor expansion of the lens equation near caustic up to
the fourth order. Corresponding analytical expressions are derived for the
amplification in cases of the Gaussian and power-law extended source models;
the amplifications depend on three additional fitting parameters. Conditions of
neglecting the correction terms are analysed. The modified formula for the
amplification is applied to the fitting of light curves of the Q2237+0305
gravitational lens system in a vicinity of the high amplification events
(HAEs). We show that the introduction of some "post-linear" corrections reduces
chi^2 by 30% in the case of known HAE on the light curve of image C (1999).
These corrections can be important for a precise comparison of different source
models with regard for observational data. Key words: gravitational lensing:
micro - quasars: individual (Q2237+0305) - gravitational lensing: strong -
methods: analyticalComment: 16 pages, 3 figure
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