The stabilization of unstable detonation waves for the mixture of nitromethane/methanol

Mass velocity profiles of detonation waves in mixtures of nitromethane with acetone and methanol with added diethylenetriamine sensitizer were measured using a VISAR laser interferometer. It was found that even small, about 1%, concentrations of acetone and methanol, inert diluents, led to instability of the one-dimensional detonation front in nitromethane. The results of the experiment show that the use of the sensitizer is an effective method of flow stabilization and if the concentration of the inert diluent does not exceed 10%, the detonation front becomes stable with the addition of 1% diethylenetriamine. At a higher diluent concentration, the sensitizer does not suppress the instability but decreases the oscillation amplitude by several times. The addition of diethylenetriamine to the mixture has been found to increase the detonation velocity

Molecular and biological characterization of low-pathogenic H9N2 influenza viruses isolated in Israel

All Israeli H9N2-strain viruses used in the present study were subdivided among three groups: groups A and B viruses contained – in all eight segments – 90658/00-like and 1304/03-like sequences, respectively; Group C comprised viruses isolated in 2006-2010, which contained four 1304/03-like segments and four 1525/06-like segments. Molecular analysis revealed that most of the isolates had an RSSR motif at the cleavage site of haemagglutinin. Most of the viruses had an haemagglutinin with L216 typical of humans, and internal proteins associated with the avian host specificity. The studied viruses infected the majority of the directly inoculated birds. Exposure to the virus with full8length PB1-F2 protein for 24 h caused destruction of mitochondria and cell death in cultures of human macrophages, and this effect was not associated with activation of protein p53. A virus with truncated PB1-F2 protein exhibited no destructive effect on mitochondria, but induced enhanced production of pro-apoptotic P53 proteinВсі ізраїльські віруси штаму H9N2, що використовуються в цьому дослідженні, були розділені на групи: віруси груп А і В містили відповідно - у всіх восьми сегментах - 90658/00-подібні і 1304/03-подібні послідовності; група C складалася з вірусів, виділених у 2006-2010 роках, які містили чотири 1304/03-подібних сегмента і чотири 1525/06-подібних сегмента. Молекулярний аналіз показав, що більшість штамів мали RSSR-мотив в сайті розщеплення гемаглютиніну. Більшість вірусів містили гемаглютинін з типовим для людей L216, і, крім того, внутрішні білки, характерні для птахів. Вивчені віруси заразили більшість щеплених птахів безпосередньо. Вплив вірусу з повнорозмірною PB1-F2 білка протягом 24 год викликав руйнування мітохондрій і загибель клітин в культурах людських макрофагів, і цей ефект не був пов’язаний з активацією білка р53. Вірус з усіченою ланцюгом білка PB1-F2 не чинив руйнівного впливу на мітохондрії, але індукував підвищений сінтез проапоптотического білка Р53.Всі ізраїльські віруси штаму H9N2, що використовуються в цьому дослідженні, були розділені на групи: віруси груп А і В містили відповідно - у всіх восьми сегментах - 90658/00-подібні і 1304/03-подібні послідовності; група C складалася з вірусів, виділених у 2006-2010 роках, які містили чотири 1304/03-подібних сегмента і чотири 1525/06-подібних сегмента. Молекулярний аналіз показав, що більшість штамів мали RSSR-мотив в сайті розщеплення гемаглютиніну. Більшість вірусів містили гемаглютинін з типовим для людей L216, і, крім того, внутрішні білки, характерні для птахів. Вивчені віруси заразили більшість щеплених птахів безпосередньо. Вплив вірусу з повнорозмірною PB1-F2 білка протягом 24 год викликав руйнування мітохондрій і загибель клітин в культурах людських макрофагів, і цей ефект не був пов’язаний з активацією білка р53. Вірус з усіченою ланцюгом білка PB1-F2 не чинив руйнівного впливу на мітохондрії, але індукував підвищений сінтез проапоптотического білка Р53

Discovery of an unrecognized nidovirus associated with granulomatous hepatitis in rainbow trout

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the principal species of inland-farmed fish in the Western hemisphere. Recently, we diagnosed in farmed rainbow trout a disease in which the hallmark is granulomatous-like hepatitis. No biotic agents could be isolated from lesions. Still, unbiased high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses revealed the presence of a novel piscine nidovirus that we named “Trout Granulomatous Virus” (TGV). TGV genome (28,767 nucleotides long) is predicted to encode non-structural (1a and 1 ab) and structural (S, M, and N) proteins that resemble proteins of other known piscine nidoviruses. High loads of TGV transcripts were detected by quantitative RT-PCR in diseased fish and visualized in hepatic granulomatous sites by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed coronavirus-like particles in these lesions. Together, these analyses corroborated the association of TGV with the lesions. The identification and detection of TGV provide means to control TGV spread in trout populations

Immunobiological Properties of <i>Francisella tularensis</i> 15/10 Strain with Deleted recA Gene

Deletion of recA gene in Francisella tularensis 15/10 genome leads to the increase in its sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation, reduction of the homologous recombination capacity, and a slight decline of virulence for mice. Efficacy of Francisella tularensis 15/10ΔrecA reproduction within microphage-like cells, its resistance to normal rabbit serum, and protective properties on the mouse model of tularemia are the same as in original Francisella tularensis 15/10

Fast flowing populations are not well mixed

In evolutionary dynamics, well-mixed populations are almost always associated with all-to-all interactions; mathematical models are based on complete graphs. In most cases, these models do not predict fixation probabilities in groups of individuals mixed by flows. We propose an analytical description in the fast-flow limit. This approach is valid for processes with global and local selection, and accurately predicts the suppression of selection as competition becomes more local. It provides a modelling tool for biological or social systems with individuals in motion.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Study of the UV Irradiation and Nalidicsic Acid Effect on the RecA-protein Induction in <i>Francisella tularensis</i> 15/10 Cells

Studied is the UV irradiation and nalidicsic acid effect on the RecA-protein synthesis in Francisella tularensis 15/10 cells. Obtained is the specific murine serum to the recombinant RecA-protein. The results of immunoblotting with this specific serum demonstrate that the amount of RecA-protein in Francisella tularensis 15/10 cells is not increased after the exposure to these damaging factors

Comparison of aerodynamic models for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Multi-megawatt Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) are experiencing an increased interest for floating offshore applications. However, VAWT development is hindered by the lack of fast, accurate and validated simulation models. This work compares six different numerical models for VAWTS: a multiple streamtube model, a double-multiple streamtube model, the actuator cylinder model, a 2D potential flow panel model, a 3D unsteady lifting line model, and a 2D conformal mapping unsteady vortex model. The comparison covers rotor configurations with two NACA0015 blades, for several tip speed ratios, rotor solidity and fixed pitch angle, included heavily loaded rotors, in inviscid flow. The results show that the streamtube models are inaccurate, and that correct predictions of rotor power and rotor thrust are an effect of error cancellation which only occurs at specific configurations. The other four models, which explicitly model the wake as a system of vorticity, show mostly differences due to the instantaneous or time averaged formulation of the loading and flow, for which further research is needed.Aerodynamics, Wind Energy & PropulsionAerospace Engineerin