The Chromosome 9p21 CVD-and T2D-Associated Regions in a Norwegian Population (The HUNT2 Survey)

Background. Two adjacent regions upstream CDKN2B on chromosome 9p21 have been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The precise location and number of risk variants have not been completely delineated and a possible synergistic relationship between the adjacent regions is not fully addressed. By a population based cross-sectional case-control design, we genotyped 18 SNPs upstream of CDKN2B tagging 138 kb in and around two LD-blocks associated with CVD and T2D and investigated associations with T2D, angina pectoris (AP), myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease (CHD; AP or AMI), and stroke using 5,564 subjects from HUNT2. Results. Single point and haplotype analysis showed evidence for only one common T2D risk haplotype (rs10757282|rs10811661: OR = 1.19, = 2.0 × 10 −3 ) in the region. We confirmed the strong association between SNPs in the 60 kb CVD region with AP, MI, and CHD ( < 0.01). Conditioning on the lead SNPs in the region, we observed two suggestive independent single SNP association signals for MI, rs2065501 ( = 0.03) and rs3217986 ( = 0.04). Conclusions. We confirmed the association of known variants within the 9p21 interval with T2D and CHD. Our results further suggest that additional CHD susceptibility variants exist in this region

Evaluation of four novel genetic variants affecting hemoglobin A1c levels in a population-based type 2 diabetes cohort (the HUNT2 study)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chronic hyperglycemia confers increased risk for long-term diabetes-associated complications and repeated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measures are a widely used marker for glycemic control in diabetes treatment and follow-up. A recent genome-wide association study revealed four genetic loci, which were associated with HbA1c levels in adults with type 1 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the effect of these loci on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We genotyped 1,486 subjects with type 2 diabetes from a Norwegian population-based cohort (HUNT2) for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located near the <it>BNC2</it>, <it>SORCS1</it>, <it>GSC </it>and <it>WDR72 </it>loci. Through regression models, we examined their effects on HbA1c and non-fasting glucose levels individually and in a combined genetic score model.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>No significant associations with HbA1c or glucose levels were found for the <it>SORCS1</it>, <it>BNC2</it>, <it>GSC </it>or <it>WDR72 </it>variants (all <it>P</it>-values > 0.05). Although the observed effects were non-significant and of much smaller magnitude than previously reported in type 1 diabetes, the <it>SORCS1 </it>risk variant showed a direction consistent with increased HbA1c and glucose levels, with an observed effect of 0.11% (<it>P </it>= 0.13) and 0.13 mmol/l (<it>P </it>= 0.43) increase per risk allele for HbA1c and glucose, respectively. In contrast, the <it>WDR72 </it>risk variant showed a borderline association with reduced HbA1c levels (<it>β </it>= -0.21, <it>P </it>= 0.06), and direction consistent with decreased glucose levels (<it>β </it>= -0.29, <it>P </it>= 0.29). The allele count model gave no evidence for a relationship between increasing number of risk alleles and increasing HbA1c levels (<it>β </it>= 0.04, <it>P </it>= 0.38).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The four recently reported SNPs affecting glycemic control in type 1 diabetes had no apparent effect on HbA1c in type 2 diabetes individually or by using a combined genetic score model. However, for the <it>SORCS1 </it>SNP, our findings do not rule out a possible relationship with HbA1c levels. Hence, further studies in other populations are needed to elucidate whether these novel sequence variants, especially rs1358030 near the <it>SORCS1 </it>locus, affect glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.</p

Uganda : en politisk översikt

Innehåll: Före koloniseringen -- Koloniseringen -- Nationalism och antikolonialism -- Uganda vrider till vänster -- Från principer till praxis -- Maktkampen -- Framtidsperspektiv </p

Uganda : en politisk översikt

Innehåll: Före koloniseringen -- Koloniseringen -- Nationalism och antikolonialism -- Uganda vrider till vänster -- Från principer till praxis -- Maktkampen -- Framtidsperspektiv </p

Farverikvartalet : eiendomsdannelse og valg av eiermodell

Temaet for denne oppgave er eiendomsdannelse og valg av eiermodell. Eiendomsdannelse er en prosess som i Norge kan gjennomføres på to måter. Det kan enten skje ved at aktøren som ønsker å opprette eller endre eiendomsstrukturen, gjennomfører denne prosessen selv gjennom kommunal saksbehandling. Eller så kan man trekke inn jordskifteretten hvis den har hjemmel til å behandle saken. Denne oppgaven er en casestudie av hvilke muligheter som eksisterer i dette for å danne eiendom, samt at den vil gi et innblikk i hvorfor en utbygger velger den ene eiermodellen framfor den andre. Da med tanke på eierseksjonsmodellen eller borettslagsmodellen. Jordskifterettens rolle og muligheter i bytransformasjon vil bli drøftet gjennom caset. Problemstillingene i oppgaven er: - Hvilke muligheter eksisterer i caset med tanke på eiendomsdannelse? Og hva kan jordskifteretten bidra med i en slik prosess? - Hvorfor velger en utbygger den ene framfor den andre eiermodellen? Funnene kan kort oppsummeres som følger: - Det ikke gitt hvordan eiendomsdannelsen skal skje i et case. - Jordskifterettens rolle i urbane områder kan være noe uklar. - Salgbarhet er kanskje grunnen til at eierseksjoner velges framfor borettslag

Farverikvartalet : property formation and choice of ownership model

Temaet for denne oppgave er eiendomsdannelse og valg av eiermodell. Eiendomsdannelse er en prosess som i Norge kan gjennomføres på to måter. Det kan enten skje ved at aktøren som ønsker å opprette eller endre eiendomsstrukturen, gjennomfører denne prosessen selv gjennom kommunal saksbehandling. Eller så kan man trekke inn jordskifteretten hvis den har hjemmel til å behandle saken. Denne oppgaven er en casestudie av hvilke muligheter som eksisterer i dette for å danne eiendom, samt at den vil gi et innblikk i hvorfor en utbygger velger den ene eiermodellen framfor den andre. Da med tanke på eierseksjonsmodellen eller borettslagsmodellen. Jordskifterettens rolle og muligheter i bytransformasjon vil bli drøftet gjennom caset. Problemstillingene i oppgaven er: - Hvilke muligheter eksisterer i caset med tanke på eiendomsdannelse? Og hva kan jordskifteretten bidra med i en slik prosess? - Hvorfor velger en utbygger den ene framfor den andre eiermodellen? Funnene kan kort oppsummeres som følger: - Det ikke gitt hvordan eiendomsdannelsen skal skje i et case. - Jordskifterettens rolle i urbane områder kan være noe uklar. - Salgbarhet er kanskje grunnen til at eierseksjoner velges framfor borettslag.M-EI

The International Regime for Investment: A History of Failed Multilateralism

In this chapter, we discuss two interrelated questions: (1) Why is there no multilateral agreement on investment? (2) Do we need a multilateral investment agreement? We begin with a broad examination of the historical roots of investment protection, and revisit hallmark efforts at reaching a multilateral accord. We then elaborate on the decentralized regime that has been instituted instead, with a focus on bilateral investment treaties and investment treaty arbitration. Next, we consider three sets of explanations for why the formal efforts at reaching a multilateral agreement have failed – an ideational account, political explanations, and various technical explanations. We also discuss why some actually view the decentralized treaty-based regime as a multilateral system in and of itself. We end our discussion by reviewing the recent legitimacy crisis surrounding the investment regime, and debate whether regionalism may be an expedient alternative to formal multilateralism in future global investment protection