4,668 research outputs found
Trabecular bone structure correlates with hand posture and use in hominoids
Bone is capable of adapting during life in response to stress. Therefore, variation in locomotor and manipulative behaviours across extant hominoids may be reflected in differences in trabecular bone structure. The hand is a promising region for trabecular analysis, as it is the direct contact between the individual and the environment and joint positions at peak loading vary amongst extant hominoids. Building upon traditional volume of interest-based analyses, we apply a whole-epiphysis analytical approach using high-resolution microtomographic scans of the hominoid third metacarpal to investigate whether trabecular structure reflects differences in hand posture and loading in knuckle-walking (Gorilla, Pan), suspensory (Pongo, Hylobates and Symphalangus) and manipulative (Homo) taxa. Additionally, a comparative phylogenetic method was used to analyse rates of evolutionary changes in trabecular parameters. Results demonstrate that trabecular bone volume distribution and regions of greatest stiffness (i.e., Young's modulus) correspond with predicted loading of the hand in each behavioural category. In suspensory and manipulative taxa, regions of high bone volume and greatest stiffness are concentrated on the palmar or distopalmar regions of the metacarpal head, whereas knuckle-walking taxa show greater bone volume and stiffness throughout the head, and particularly in the dorsal region; patterns that correspond with the highest predicted joint reaction forces. Trabecular structure in knuckle-walking taxa is characterised by high bone volume fraction and a high degree of anisotropy in contrast to the suspensory brachiators. Humans, in which the hand is used primarily for manipulation, have a low bone volume fraction and a variable degree of anisotropy. Finally, when trabecular parameters are mapped onto a molecular-based phylogeny, we show that the rates of change in trabecular structure vary across the hominoid clade. Our results support a link between inferred behaviour and trabecular structure in extant hominoids that can be informative for reconstructing behaviour in fossil primates
Damage assessment of concrete gravity dams using vibration characteristics
Vibration-based Structural Health Monitoring (VBSHM) has emerged as a feasible technique in long-term monitoring, structural performance evaluation and damage assessment of civil structures. As an important as-pect of the complete VBSHM system, over the last three decades, many vibration-based damage detection methods have been developed for buildings and bridges. However, the application of these techniques to con-crete gravity (CG) dams has been limited. In the present study, damage indices based on changes in modal flexibility and modal strain energy are suitably enhanced to be applicable for plane-strain structures. They are then used to investigate the feasibility of detecting and locating damage in a finite element CG dam model without noise effects. Results show that the enhanced damage indices can be promising for locating damage in the upstream part of CG dams by using only the first lateral mode of vibration. In addition, it is necessary to monitor both horizontal and vertical mode shape components and use these for structural damage diagnoses in CG dams
Collisional and thermal ionization of sodium Rydberg atoms I. Experiment for nS and nD atoms with n=8-20
Collisional and thermal ionization of sodium nS and nD Rydberg atoms with
n=8-20 has been studied. The experiments were performed using a two-step pulsed
laser excitation in an effusive atomic beam at atom density of about 2 10^{10}
cm^{-3}. Molecular and atomic ions from associative, Penning, and thermal
ionization processes were detected. It has been found that the atomic ions were
created mainly due to photoionization of Rydberg atoms by photons of blackbody
radiation at the ambient temperature of 300K. Blackbody ionization rates and
effective lifetimes of Rydberg states of interest were determined. The
molecular ions were found to be from associative ionization in Na(nL)+Na(3S)
collisions. Rate constants of associative ionization have been measured using
an original method based on relative measurements of Na_{2}^{+} and Na^{+} ion
signals.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figure
Conservative self-organized extremal model for wealth distribution
We present a detailed numerical analysis of the modified version of a
conservative self-organized extremal model introduced by Pianegonda et. al. for
the distribution of wealth of the people in a society. Here the trading process
has been modified by the stochastic bipartite trading rule. More specifically
in a trade one of the agents is necessarily the one with the globally minimal
value of wealth, the other one being selected randomly from the neighbors of
the first agent. The pair of agents then randomly re-shuffle their entire
amount of wealth without saving. This model has most of the characteristics
similar to the self-organized critical Bak-Sneppen model of evolutionary
dynamics. Numerical estimates of a number of critical exponents indicate this
model is likely to belong to a new universality class different from the well
known models in the literature. In addition the persistence time, which is the
time interval between two successive updates of wealth of an agent has been
observed to have a non-trivial power law distribution. An opposite version of
the model has also been studied where the agent with maximal wealth is selected
instead of the one with minimal wealth, which however, exhibits similar
behavior as the Minimal Wealth model.Comment: 11 pages, 16 figure
Cataloging the radio-sky with unsupervised machine learning: a new approach for the SKA era
We develop a new analysis approach towards identifying related radio
components and their corresponding infrared host galaxy based on unsupervised
machine learning methods. By exploiting PINK, a self-organising map algorithm,
we are able to associate radio and infrared sources without the a priori
requirement of training labels. We present an example of this method using
images from the FIRST and WISE surveys centred towards positions
described by the FIRST catalogue. We produce a set of catalogues that
complement FIRST and describe 802,646 objects, including their radio components
and their corresponding AllWISE infrared host galaxy. Using these data products
we (i) demonstrate the ability to identify objects with rare and unique radio
morphologies (e.g. 'X'-shaped galaxies, hybrid FR-I/FR-II morphologies), (ii)
can identify the potentially resolved radio components that are associated with
a single infrared host and (iii) introduce a "curliness" statistic to search
for bent and disturbed radio morphologies, and (iv) extract a set of 17 giant
radio galaxies between 700-1100 kpc. As we require no training labels, our
method can be applied to any radio-continuum survey, provided a sufficiently
representative SOM can be trained
Countering Eavesdroppers with Meta-learning-based Cooperative Ambient Backscatter Communications
This article introduces a novel lightweight framework using ambient
backscattering communications to counter eavesdroppers. In particular, our
framework divides an original message into two parts: (i) the active-transmit
message transmitted by the transmitter using conventional RF signals and (ii)
the backscatter message transmitted by an ambient backscatter tag that
backscatters upon the active signals emitted by the transmitter. Notably, the
backscatter tag does not generate its own signal, making it difficult for an
eavesdropper to detect the backscattered signals unless they have prior
knowledge of the system. Here, we assume that without decoding/knowing the
backscatter message, the eavesdropper is unable to decode the original message.
Even in scenarios where the eavesdropper can capture both messages,
reconstructing the original message is a complex task without understanding the
intricacies of the message-splitting mechanism. A challenge in our proposed
framework is to effectively decode the backscattered signals at the receiver,
often accomplished using the maximum likelihood (MLK) approach. However, such a
method may require a complex mathematical model together with perfect channel
state information (CSI). To address this issue, we develop a novel deep
meta-learning-based signal detector that can not only effectively decode the
weak backscattered signals without requiring perfect CSI but also quickly adapt
to a new wireless environment with very little knowledge. Simulation results
show that our proposed learning approach, without requiring perfect CSI and
complex mathematical model, can achieve a bit error ratio close to that of the
MLK-based approach. They also clearly show the efficiency of the proposed
approach in dealing with eavesdropping attacks and the lack of training data
for deep learning models in practical scenarios
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