Influence of Nanosilica on Solvent Deasphalting for Upgrading Iraqi Heavy Crude Oil

في هذه الدراسة، تم تحسين النفط الخام العراقي الثقيل من خلال عملية إزالة الأسفلتينات بالمذيبات (SDA) وعملية تحسين إزالة الأسفلتينات بالمذيبات (e-SDA) بإضافة السليكا النانوية. (NS)  وتم تحضير NS من الرمل المحلي. وقد اشارت نتيجة XRD إلى السليكا ذات الطور الغير متبلور ولها قمة واسعة عند 22-23º=2 Θ. أظهر التحليل الطيفي بتقنية (FTIR) إدراج مجموعة silanol المرتبطة بالهيدروجين (Si – O – H) ومجموعة siloxane ( (Si – O – Si . وقد تم اجراء عملية SDA باستخدام مذيب n-pentane باستخدام ظروف مختلفة منها نسبة المذيب إلى النفط (4-16 / 1 مل / جم)، وبدرجة حرارة الغرفة والارتجاع، عند وقت خلط 0.5 ساعة. وفي عملية e-SDA، تم استخدام نسب مختلفة من السليكا النانوية(1-7) نسب وزنية ذات حجم جسيم 61 نانومتر ومساحة سطحية بلغت 560.86 متر مربع / غم مع 12 مل / جم نسبة المذيب الى النفط ووقت الخلط 0.5 ساعة في درجة حرارة الغرفة والارتجاع. وقد اظهرت النتائج أن النفط الخام الثقيل تم تحسينه إلى أقصى حد باستخدام 7 ٪ نسبة وزنية من السليكا النانوية. حيث زادت قيمة API إلى 35.9، بينما زادت نسبة إزالة الأسفلتينات إلى 87.22٪. وزادت نسب إزالة الكبريت والفناديوم والنيكل إلى 51.17٪ و55.07٪ و69.87٪ على التوالي.In this study, the upgrading of Iraqi heavy crude oil was achieved utilizing the solvent deasphalting approach (SDA) and enhanced solvent deasphalting (e-SDA) by adding Nanosilica (NS). The NS was synthesized from local sand. The XRD result, referred to as the amorphous phase, has a wide peak at 2Θ= (22 - 23º) The inclusion of hydrogen-bonded silanol groups (Si–O–H) and siloxane groups (Si–O–Si) in the FTIR spectra. The SDA process was handled using n-pentane solvent at various solvent to oil ratios (SOR) (4-16/1ml/g), room and reflux temperature, and 0.5 h mixing time. In the e-SDA process, various fractions of the NS (1–7 wt.%) have been utilized with 61 nm particle size and 560.86 m²/g surface area in the presence of 12 ml/g SOR with 0.5 hr. mixing time at room and reflux temperature. The results showed that heavy crude was upgraded maximally using 7 wt.% of NS. The API increased to 35.9, while the asphaltene reduction increased to 87.22%. The removal of sulfur, vanadium, and nickel increased to 51.17%, 55.07%, and 69.87%, respectively

Arthritis of leprosy

An inflammatory polyarthritis has been previously described in leprosy but accounts of the clinical characteristics have varied. All patients with joint symptoms admitted to a leprosy centre over 5 months were examined by a rheumatologist. Of 48 acute admissions, 20 (42%) had a symmetrical polyarthritis affecting the wrists and fingers. This was strikingly similar to RA in appearance. The arthritis occurred exclusively in patients with reactions mainly during anti-mycobacterial treatment. The clinical features of the joint disorder were identical in Type I (associated with alterations in immune status) and Type II (erythema nodosum leprosum) reactions. Synovial tissue from one patient revealed no mycobacteria. Four of five hand X-rays suggested small erosions of the finger joints

Estimating electron probe diameter in the scanning electron microscope

The research aims to produce the theoretical study on the objective magnetic lens to estimate the electron probe diameter through the study of the parameters that effect on the efficiency of the scanning electron microscope, the optical performance of the objective lens depends  used in the scanning electron microscope by ability to form  precise electron probe and it focus on the specimen surface to be examined. The affective final electron probe diameter represented dp of the most important parameters that determine the resolving power in the scanning electron microscope, which in it role depends on several parameters related by focal properties of the objective lens as focal length f, Spherical Cs, chromatic Cc and diffraction dd aberration coefficients ,As it has been calculating the affective total diameter dp to the incident electron beam on the specimen surface , and the accompanying from broadening due contributions the Spherical , chromatic and diffraction aberrations which suffers from it the objective lens as a function of the angle of aperture αp to get on the smaller size of the electron probe at optimal aperture angle Keywords: electron probe diameter, magnetic objective lens, magnetic lens focal properties

Studying the Behavior of Asphalt Stabilized Gepseous Soil for Earth Embankment Model

The study presents the test results of stabilizing gypseous soil embankment obtained from Al- Faluja university Campus at Al-Ramady province. The laboratory investigation was divided into three phases, The physical and chemical properties, the optimum liquid asphalt (emulsion) requirements (which are manufactured in Iraq) were determined by using one dimensional unconfined compression strength test.in the first phase , The optimum fluid content was 11% (6% of emulsion with 5% water content).. At phase two, the effect of Aeration technique was investigated using both direct shear and permeability test. At phase three for the case of static load , the pure soil embankment model under dry test condition was investigated, The testing program included the determination of the unconfined compressive strength, direct shear strength, constant head permeability test, and one dimensional consolidation test for pure and asphalt stabilized gypseous soil. Testing was carried out in dry and absorbed conditions, the maximum pressure that can be supported before failure (ultimate sustained pressure) is 0.76 MPa with vertical settlement (0.21 mm) . However, For the pure soil embankment model under absorbed condition it was found that the maximum pressure before failure (ultimate sustained pressure) is 0.3 MPa with vertical settlement (12 mm), Which reflects the reduction in bearing capacity by (61%). Compression was made for absorbed stabilized soil and un-absorbed soil tested under hydraulic conductivity test for seven days, the results showed that a very low margin deffeneces in maximum pressure resistance and settlement were obtained (4.38 MPa , 0.11mm ) and (4.11MPa , 0.12mm)

Optimization of vapex over consumption in one of the heavy oil cleft store

The process of solvent vapor extraction is a recycling method for the heavy oil application that the light hydrocarbon vapor is used as a solvent to reduce the heavy oil viscosity. The primary low recycling and the lower production flow compared with the thermal methods have faced the field applications with limitation due to the slow identity of the solvent penetration procedure in the heavy oil,. So in order to optimize and increase the production in this process, a simulation study was performed on one of the heavy oil cleft store of Iran and the solutions were presented to increase the oil recycling in this process. At first after construction of a cleft two dimensional store with multiple blocks that show the solvent vapor flowing in the cleft net, the optimization process was analyzed around two axes. First the optimization strategies presented to optimize the constructed solvent system injection in the process. Then the formation and distance between producing wells and injection on the process performance and the best condition were evaluated and developed. The results showed that the solvent composition injection method  through the producing well in addition to produce the injecting well in first ten days of process with more pressure and the well formation model with subsidiary distance and the vertical determined distance, the most optimized producing performance was presented compared to other plans, this results increase the security about the field application in the VAPEX process at cleft storesKey terms: optimization, solvent vapor extraction, heavy oil, cleft stores, wells  formatio

Identification the internal parameters for mono-crystalline solar module using Matlab-simulation and experimental ascertainment

The research studies the effects of some weather parameters for Baghdad city on the output of the solar module of the type monocrystalline. The experimental part measures the electrical parameters of the photo-voltaic (PV) module for three levels of radiation rate 500, 750, and 1000 W/m2. The theoretical part includes the modeled and simulation of the PV panel, via the proposed mathematical single–diode model (SDM, 5 parameters), and Matlab-simulation. The Newton Raphson method was applied to find the output current of the solar panel and the plotting P-V, I-V curves.  The work involves preparing a simple mathematical model to estimate the optimal ambient conditions to give the highest output of the solar module. The validation of the model was verified by the practical testing of the cell for 6 months. The best results were obtained at standard testing conditions (25℃, 1000 W/m2). The output power calculated by the mathematical model was 30.1 W while from experimental work was 30.45 W. The relative error is 1.15%. The converge between experimental and modeling results for the same conditions is about 98.9% that proves the validity of the proposed model and the possibility of using it for all types of photovoltaic

SURVEY: AUDIO READING SYSTEM FOR BLIND PERSONS

Audio Reading System is used to help blind people to read the text based on camera as input device and speaker as output device. The system used the OCR algorithm to extract the text from input image and Text-to-Speech algorithm to convert text into corresponding voice. In this paper, we review newest research of audio reading system. We discuss the hardware and software, which is used, on system for different types approach. Finally, the result of this paper that is: Raspberry pi, python and tesseract are best tools used in Audio reading system. Also the braille and finger print devices are not efficient and not easy to use

Experimental validation of a numerical model for the ground vibration from trains in tunnels

Ground vibration and ground-borne noise from trains in tunnels are attracting increasing attention from researchers and engineers. They are important environmental issues related with the operation of underground networks in intensively-populated urban areas. An accurate prediction for this train-induced vibration can be very helpful in the implementation of countermeasures to achieve the control of vibration or noise levels. In this paper, a numerical model is introduced based on the 2.5D Finite Element / Boundary Element methodology. The part of the metro line concerned is built with a cast-iron tunnel lining. The tunnel structure and the track are modelled with finite elements while the ground is modelled using boundary elements. Then the 2.5D tracktunnel-ground model is coupled with a multiple-rigid body vehicle model to determine the response caused by the passage of a train. To validate the prediction results, measurements have been carried out of the vibration of the rail, tunnel invert, tunnel wall and ground surface when the train is passing by and these are compared with the predictions with good agreement