791 research outputs found
Dwarfs Gobbling Dwarfs: A Stellar Tidal Stream Around NGC 4449 and Hierarchical Galaxy Formation on Small Scales
A candidate diffuse stellar substructure was previously reported in the halo
of the nearby dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4449 by Karachentsev et al. We map and
analyze this feature using a unique combination of deep integrated-light images
from the Black Bird 0.5-meter telescope, and high-resolution wide-field images
from the 8-meter Subaru telescope, which resolve the nebulosity into a stream
of red giant branch stars, and confirm its physical association with NGC 4449.
The properties of the stream imply a massive dwarf spheroidal progenitor, which
after complete disruption will deposit an amount of stellar mass that is
comparable to the existing stellar halo of the main galaxy. The ratio between
luminosity or stellar-mass between the two galaxies is ~1:50, while the
indirectly measured dynamical mass-ratio, when including dark matter, may be
~1:10-1:5. This system may thus represent a "stealth" merger, where an
infalling satellite galaxy is nearly undetectable by conventional means, yet
has a substantial dynamical influence on its host galaxy. This singular
discovery also suggests that satellite accretion can play a significant role in
building up the stellar halos of low-mass galaxies, and possibly in triggering
their starbursts.Comment: ApJ Letters, in press. Minor changes. 6 pages, 3 figures. A high
resolution version of the paper and Subaru image are available at
http://www.cosmotography.com/images/small_ngc4449.htm
Preheating by Previrialization and its Impact on Galaxy Formation
We use recent observations of the HI-mass function to constrain galaxy
formation. The data conflicts with the standard model where most of the gas in
a low-mass dark matter halo is assumed to settle into a disk of cold gas that
is depleted by star formation and supernova-driven outflows until the disk
becomes gravitationally stable. A consistent model can be found if low-mass
haloes are embedded in a preheated medium, with a specific gas entropy ~ 10Kev
cm^2. Such a model simultaneously matches the faint-end slope of the galaxy
luminosity function. We propose a preheating model where the medium around
low-mass haloes is preheated by gravitational pancaking. Since gravitational
tidal fields suppress the formation of low-mass haloes while promoting that of
pancakes, the formation of massive pancakes precedes that of the low-mass
haloes within them. We demonstrate that the progenitors of present-day dark
matter haloes with M<10^{12}h^{-1}\msun were embedded in pancakes of masses
~5x10^{12}h^{-1}\msun at z~2. The formation of such pancakes heats the gas to
a temperature of 5x10^5K and compresses it to an overdensity of ~10. Such gas
has a cooling time that exceeds the age of the Universe at z~2, and has a
specific entropy of ~15Kev cm^2, almost exactly the amount required to explain
the stellar and HI mass functions. (Abridged)Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Thin discs, thick dwarfs and the effects of stellar feedback
We investigate the role of stellar mass in shaping the intrinsic thickness of
galaxy discs by determining the probability distribution of apparent axis
ratios (b/a) for two different samples that probe the faint end of the galaxy
luminosity function. We find that the b/a distribution has a characteristic
'U-shape' and identify a limiting mass M_* ~ 2x10^9 M_sun below which low-mass
galaxies start to be systematically thicker. This tendency holds for very faint
(M_B ~ -8) dwarfs in the Local Volume, which are essentially spheroidal
systems. We argue that galaxy shape is the result of the complex interplay
between mass, specific angular momentum and stellar feedback effects. Thus, the
increasing importance of turbulent motions in lower mass galaxies leads to the
formation of thicker systems, a result supported by the latest hydrodynamical
simulations of dwarf galaxy formation and other theoretical expectations. We
discuss several implications of this finding, including the formation of bars
in faint galaxies, the deprojection of HI line profiles and simulations of
environmental effects on the dwarf galaxy population.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS Letter
On the morphologies, gas fractions, and star formation rates of small galaxies
We use a series of N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations and
analytic arguments to show that the presence of an effective temperature floor
in the interstellar medium at T_F ~ 10^4 K naturally explains the tendency for
low-mass galaxies to be more spheroidal, more gas rich, and less efficient in
converting baryons into stars than larger galaxies. The trend arises because
gas pressure support becomes important compared to angular momentum support in
small dark matter haloes. We suggest that dwarf galaxies with rotational
velocities ~ 40 km/s do not originate as thin discs, but rather are born as
thick, puffy systems. If accreted on to larger haloes, tenuous dwarfs of this
kind will be more susceptible to gas loss or tidal transformation than
scaled-down versions of larger spirals. For a constant temperature floor,
pressure support becomes less important in large haloes, and this produces a
tendency for massive isolated galaxies to have thinner discs and more efficient
star formation than their less massive counterparts, as observed.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, MNRAS in press. Minor changes in response to
referee comment
Properties of Galaxies in and around Voids
Two surveys for intrinsically faint galaxies towards nearby voids have been
conducted at the MPI f\"ur Astronomie, Heidelberg. One selected targets from a
new diameter limited () catalog with morphological criteria while
the other used digitized objective prism Schmidt plates to select mainly HII
dwarf galaxies. For some 450 galaxies, redshifts and other optical data were
obtained. We studied the spatial distribution of the sample objects, their
luminosity function, and their intrinsic properties. Most of the galaxies
belong to already well known sheets and filaments. But we found about a dozen
highly isolated galaxies in each sample (nearest neighborhood distance ). These tend to populate additional structures and are not
distributed homogeneously throughout the voids. As our results on 'void
galaxies' still suffer from small sample statistics, I also tried to combine
similar existing surveys of nearby voids to get further hints on the larger
structure and on the luminosity function of the isolated galaxies. No
differences in the luminosity function of sheet and void galaxies could be
found. The optical and infrared properties of both samples are in the normal
range for samples dominated by late-type dwarfs. Follow-up HI studies show that
the isolated dwarfs in both samples have unusual high amount of neutral gas for
a given luminosity.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, latex, to appear in the proceedings of the
'Ringberg workshop on Large Scale Structure', hold Sep. 23-28, 199
The Resolved Structure and Dynamics of an Isolated Dwarf Galaxy: A VLT and Keck Spectroscopic Survey of WLM
We present spectroscopic data for 180 red giant branch stars in the isolated
dwarf irregular galaxy WLM. Observations of the Calcium II triplet lines in
spectra of RGB stars covering the entire galaxy were obtained with FORS2 at the
VLT and DEIMOS on Keck II allowing us to derive velocities, metallicities, and
ages for the stars. With accompanying photometric and radio data we have
measured the structural parameters of the stellar and gaseous populations over
the full galaxy. The stellar populations show an intrinsically thick
configuration with . The stellar rotation in WLM is
measured to be km s, however the ratio of rotation to
pressure support for the stars is , in contrast to the gas
whose ratio is seven times larger. This, along with the structural data and
alignment of the kinematic and photometric axes, suggests we are viewing WLM as
a highly inclined oblate spheroid. Stellar rotation curves, corrected for
asymmetric drift, are used to compute a dynamical mass of M at the half light radius (
pc). The stellar velocity dispersion increases with stellar age in a manner
consistent with giant molecular cloud and substructure interactions producing
the heating in WLM. Coupled with WLM's isolation, this suggests that the
extended vertical structure of its stellar and gaseous components and increase
in stellar velocity dispersion with age are due to internal feedback, rather
than tidally driven evolution. These represent some of the first observational
results from an isolated Local Group dwarf galaxy which can offer important
constraints on how strongly internal feedback and secular processes modulate SF
and dynamical evolution in low mass isolated objects.Comment: 14 Pages, 17 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap
A Comprehensive Workflow for General-Purpose Neural Modeling with Highly Configurable Neuromorphic Hardware Systems
In this paper we present a methodological framework that meets novel
requirements emerging from upcoming types of accelerated and highly
configurable neuromorphic hardware systems. We describe in detail a device with
45 million programmable and dynamic synapses that is currently under
development, and we sketch the conceptual challenges that arise from taking
this platform into operation. More specifically, we aim at the establishment of
this neuromorphic system as a flexible and neuroscientifically valuable
modeling tool that can be used by non-hardware-experts. We consider various
functional aspects to be crucial for this purpose, and we introduce a
consistent workflow with detailed descriptions of all involved modules that
implement the suggested steps: The integration of the hardware interface into
the simulator-independent model description language PyNN; a fully automated
translation between the PyNN domain and appropriate hardware configurations; an
executable specification of the future neuromorphic system that can be
seamlessly integrated into this biology-to-hardware mapping process as a test
bench for all software layers and possible hardware design modifications; an
evaluation scheme that deploys models from a dedicated benchmark library,
compares the results generated by virtual or prototype hardware devices with
reference software simulations and analyzes the differences. The integration of
these components into one hardware-software workflow provides an ecosystem for
ongoing preparative studies that support the hardware design process and
represents the basis for the maturity of the model-to-hardware mapping
software. The functionality and flexibility of the latter is proven with a
variety of experimental results
Divergent Pathways in COS-7 Cells Mediate Defective Internalization and Intracellular Routing of Truncated G-CSFR Forms in SCN/AML
Expression of truncated G-CSFR forms in patients with SCN/AML induces hyperproliferation and prolonged cell survival. Previously, we showed that ligand internalization is delayed and degradation of truncated G-CSFR forms is defective in patients with SCN/AML.In this study, we investigated the potential roles of dileucine and tyrosine-based motifs within the cytoplasmic domain of the G-CSFR in modulating ligand/receptor internalization. Using standard binding assays with radiolabeled ligand and COS-7 cells, substitutions in the dileucine motif or deletion of tyrosine residues in the G-CSFR did not alter internalization. Attachment of the transferrin receptor YTRF internalization motif to a truncated G-CSFR form from a patient with SCN/AML corrected defective internalization, but not receptor degradation suggesting that receptor internalization and degradation occur independently via distinct domains and/or processes.Our data suggest that distinct domains within the G-CSFR mediate separate processes for receptor internalization and degradation. Our findings using standard binding assays differ from recently published data utilizing flow cytometry
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