A Generic Deep Learning Based Cough Analysis System from Clinically Validated Samples for Point-of-Need Covid-19 Test and Severity Levels

We seek to evaluate the detection performance of a rapid primary screening tool of Covid-19 solely based on the cough sound from 8,380 clinically validated samples with laboratory molecular-test (2,339 Covid-19 positive and 6,041 Covid-19 negative). Samples were clinically labelled according to the results and severity based on quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, cycle threshold and lymphocytes count from the patients. Our proposed generic method is a algorithm based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with subsequent classification based on a tensor of audio features and deep artificial neural network classifier with convolutional layers called DeepCough'. Two different versions of DeepCough based on the number of tensor dimensions, i.e. DeepCough2D and DeepCough3D, have been investigated. These methods have been deployed in a multi-platform proof-of-concept Web App CoughDetect to administer this test anonymously. Covid-19 recognition results rates achieved a promising AUC (Area Under Curve) of 98.800.83%, sensitivity of 96.431.85%, and specificity of 96.201.74%, and 81.08%5.05% AUC for the recognition of three severity levels. Our proposed web tool and underpinning algorithm for the robust, fast, point-of-need identification of Covid-19 facilitates the rapid detection of the infection. We believe that it has the potential to significantly hamper the Covid-19 pandemic across the world

The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium

[EN] Fruits and seeds are the major food source on earth. Both derive from the gynoecium and, therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that guide the development of this organ of angiosperm species. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium is composed of two congenitally fused carpels, where two domains: medial and lateral, can be distinguished. The medial domain includes the carpel margin meristem (CMM) that is key for the production of the internal tissues involved in fertilization, such as septum, ovules, and transmitting tract. Interestingly, the medial domain shows a high cytokinin signaling output, in contrast to the lateral domain, where it is hardly detected. While it is known that cytokinin provides meristematic properties, understanding on the mechanisms that underlie the cytokinin signaling pattern in the young gynoecium is lacking. Moreover, in other tissues, the cytokinin pathway is often connected to the auxin pathway, but we also lack knowledge about these connections in the young gynoecium. Our results reveal that cytokinin signaling, that can provide meristematic properties required for CMM activity and growth, is enabled by the transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) in the medial domain. Meanwhile, cytokinin signaling is confined to the medial domain by the cytokinin response repressor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE 6 (AHP6), and perhaps by ARR16 (a type-A ARR) as well, both present in the lateral domains (presumptive valves) of the developing gynoecia. Moreover, SPT and cytokinin, probably together, promote the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and the gene encoding the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3), likely creating auxin drainage important for gynoecium growth. This study provides novel insights in the spatiotemporal determination of the cytokinin signaling pattern and its connection to the auxin pathway in the young gynoecium.IRO, VMZM, HHU and PLS were supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) with a PhD fellowship (210085, 210100, 243380 and 219883, respectively). Work in the SDF laboratory was financed by the CONACyT grants CB-2012-177739, FC-2015-2/1061, and INFR-2015-253504, and NMM by the CONACyT grant CB-2011-165986. SDF, CF and LC acknowledge the support of the European Union FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES project EVOCODE (grant no. 247587) and H2020-MSCARISE-2015 project ExpoSEED (grant no. 691109). SDF also acknowledges the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole for a scholarship for the Gene Regulatory Networks for Development Course 2015 (GERN2015). IE acknowledges the International European Fellowship-METMADS project and the Universita degli Studi di Milano (RTD-A; 2016). Research in the laboratory of MFY was funded by NSF (grant IOS-1121055), NIH (grant 1R01GM112976-01A1) and the Paul D. Saltman Endowed Chair in Science Education (MFY). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Reyes Olalde, J.; Zuñiga, V.; Serwatowska, J.; Chávez Montes, R.; Lozano-Sotomayor, P.; Herrera-Ubaldo, H.; Gonzalez Aguilera, K.... (2017). The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium. PLoS Genetics. 13(4):1-31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006726S131134Reyes-Olalde, J. I., Zuñiga-Mayo, V. M., Chávez Montes, R. A., Marsch-Martínez, N., & de Folter, S. (2013). Inside the gynoecium: at the carpel margin. Trends in Plant Science, 18(11), 644-655. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.002Alvarez-Buylla, E. R., Benítez, M., Corvera-Poiré, A., Chaos Cador, Á., de Folter, S., Gamboa de Buen, A., … Sánchez-Corrales, Y. E. (2010). Flower Development. The Arabidopsis Book, 8, e0127. doi:10.1199/tab.0127Bowman, J. L., Baum, S. F., Eshed, Y., Putterill, J., & Alvarez, J. (1999). 4 Molecular Genetics of Gynoecium Development in Arabidopsis. Current Topics in Developmental Biology Volume 45, 155-205. doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60316-6Chávez Montes, R. A., Herrera-Ubaldo, H., Serwatowska, J., & de Folter, S. (2015). Towards a comprehensive and dynamic gynoecium gene regulatory network. Current Plant Biology, 3-4, 3-12. doi:10.1016/j.cpb.2015.08.002Marsch-Martínez, N., & de Folter, S. (2016). Hormonal control of the development of the gynoecium. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 29, 104-114. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2015.12.006Marsch-Martínez, N., Ramos-Cruz, D., Irepan Reyes-Olalde, J., Lozano-Sotomayor, P., Zúñiga-Mayo, V. M., & de Folter, S. (2012). The role of cytokinin during Arabidopsis gynoecia and fruit morphogenesis and patterning. The Plant Journal, 72(2), 222-234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05062.xZhao, Z., Andersen, S. U., Ljung, K., Dolezal, K., Miotk, A., Schultheiss, S. J., & Lohmann, J. U. (2010). Hormonal control of the shoot stem-cell niche. Nature, 465(7301), 1089-1092. doi:10.1038/nature09126Ashikari, M. (2005). Cytokinin Oxidase Regulates Rice Grain Production. Science, 309(5735), 741-745. doi:10.1126/science.1113373Bartrina, I., Otto, E., Strnad, M., Werner, T., & Schmülling, T. (2011). Cytokinin Regulates the Activity of Reproductive Meristems, Flower Organ Size, Ovule Formation, and Thus Seed Yield in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell, 23(1), 69-80. doi:10.1105/tpc.110.079079Hwang, I., Sheen, J., & Müller, B. (2012). Cytokinin Signaling Networks. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63(1), 353-380. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105503Schaller, G. E., Bishopp, A., & Kieber, J. J. (2015). The Yin-Yang of Hormones: Cytokinin and Auxin Interactions in Plant Development. The Plant Cell, 27(1), 44-63. doi:10.1105/tpc.114.133595Kieber, J. J., & Schaller, G. E. (2010). The Perception of Cytokinin: A Story 50 Years in the Making: Figure 1. Plant Physiology, 154(2), 487-492. doi:10.1104/pp.110.161596Long, J. A., Moan, E. I., Medford, J. I., & Barton, M. K. (1996). A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of Arabidopsis. Nature, 379(6560), 66-69. doi:10.1038/379066a0Jasinski, S., Piazza, P., Craft, J., Hay, A., Woolley, L., Rieu, I., … Tsiantis, M. (2005). KNOX Action in Arabidopsis Is Mediated by Coordinate Regulation of Cytokinin and Gibberellin Activities. Current Biology, 15(17), 1560-1565. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.023Yanai, O., Shani, E., Dolezal, K., Tarkowski, P., Sablowski, R., Sandberg, G., … Ori, N. (2005). Arabidopsis KNOXI Proteins Activate Cytokinin Biosynthesis. Current Biology, 15(17), 1566-1571. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.060Scofield, S., Dewitte, W., Nieuwland, J., & Murray, J. A. H. (2013). The Arabidopsis homeobox gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS has cellular and meristem-organisational roles with differential requirements for cytokinin and CYCD3 activity. The Plant Journal, 75(1), 53-66. doi:10.1111/tpj.12198Gordon, S. P., Chickarmane, V. S., Ohno, C., & Meyerowitz, E. M. (2009). Multiple feedback loops through cytokinin signaling control stem cell number within the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(38), 16529-16534. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908122106Chickarmane, V. S., Gordon, S. P., Tarr, P. T., Heisler, M. G., & Meyerowitz, E. M. (2012). Cytokinin signaling as a positional cue for patterning the apical-basal axis of the growing Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(10), 4002-4007. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200636109Leibfried, A., To, J. P. C., Busch, W., Stehling, S., Kehle, A., Demar, M., … Lohmann, J. U. (2005). WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators. Nature, 438(7071), 1172-1175. doi:10.1038/nature04270Werner, T., Motyka, V., Laucou, V., Smets, R., Van Onckelen, H., & Schmülling, T. (2003). Cytokinin-Deficient Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Show Multiple Developmental Alterations Indicating Opposite Functions of Cytokinins in the Regulation of Shoot and Root Meristem Activity. The Plant Cell, 15(11), 2532-2550. doi:10.1105/tpc.014928Larsson, E., Franks, R. G., & Sundberg, E. (2013). Auxin and the Arabidopsis thaliana gynoecium. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64(9), 2619-2627. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert099Weijers, D., & Wagner, D. (2016). Transcriptional Responses to the Auxin Hormone. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 67(1), 539-574. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112122Robert, H. S., Crhak Khaitova, L., Mroue, S., & Benková, E. (2015). The importance of localized auxin production for morphogenesis of reproductive organs and embryos inArabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(16), 5029-5042. doi:10.1093/jxb/erv256Kuusk, S., Sohlberg, J. J., Magnus Eklund, D., & Sundberg, E. (2006). Functionally redundantSHIfamily genes regulate Arabidopsis gynoecium development in a dose-dependent manner. The Plant Journal, 47(1), 99-111. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02774.xSohlberg, J. J., Myrenås, M., Kuusk, S., Lagercrantz, U., Kowalczyk, M., Sandberg, G., & Sundberg, E. (2006). STY1regulates auxin homeostasis and affects apical-basal patterning of the Arabidopsis gynoecium. The Plant Journal, 47(1), 112-123. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02775.xStåldal, V., Sohlberg, J. J., Eklund, D. M., Ljung, K., & Sundberg, E. (2008). Auxin can act independently ofCRC,LUG,SEU,SPTandSTY1in style development but not apical-basal patterning of theArabidopsisgynoecium. New Phytologist, 180(4), 798-808. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02625.xVan Gelderen, K., van Rongen, M., Liu, A., Otten, A., & Offringa, R. (2016). An INDEHISCENT-Controlled Auxin Response Specifies the Separation Layer in Early Arabidopsis Fruit. Molecular Plant, 9(6), 857-869. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2016.03.005José Ripoll, J., Bailey, L. J., Mai, Q.-A., Wu, S. L., Hon, C. T., Chapman, E. J., … Yanofsky, M. F. (2015). microRNA regulation of fruit growth. Nature Plants, 1(4). doi:10.1038/nplants.2015.36Larsson, E., Roberts, C. J., Claes, A. R., Franks, R. G., & Sundberg, E. (2014). Polar Auxin Transport Is Essential for Medial versus Lateral Tissue Specification and Vascular-Mediated Valve Outgrowth in Arabidopsis Gynoecia. Plant Physiology, 166(4), 1998-2012. doi:10.1104/pp.114.245951Nole-Wilson, S., Azhakanandam, S., & Franks, R. G. (2010). Polar auxin transport together with AINTEGUMENTA and REVOLUTA coordinate early Arabidopsis gynoecium development. Developmental Biology, 346(2), 181-195. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.07.016De Folter, S. (2016). Auxin Is Required for Valve Margin Patterning in Arabidopsis After All. Molecular Plant, 9(6), 768-770. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2016.05.005Moubayidin, L., & Østergaard, L. (2014). Dynamic Control of Auxin Distribution Imposes a Bilateral-to-Radial Symmetry Switch during Gynoecium Development. Current Biology, 24(22), 2743-2748. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.080Girin, T., Paicu, T., Stephenson, P., Fuentes, S., Körner, E., O’Brien, M., … Østergaard, L. (2011). INDEHISCENT and SPATULA Interact to Specify Carpel and Valve Margin Tissue and Thus Promote Seed Dispersal in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 23(10), 3641-3653. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.090944Ioio, R. D., Nakamura, K., Moubayidin, L., Perilli, S., Taniguchi, M., Morita, M. T., … Sabatini, S. (2008). A Genetic Framework for the Control of Cell Division and Differentiation in the Root Meristem. Science, 322(5906), 1380-1384. doi:10.1126/science.1164147Bishopp, A., Help, H., El-Showk, S., Weijers, D., Scheres, B., Friml, J., … Helariutta, Y. (2011). A Mutually Inhibitory Interaction between Auxin and Cytokinin Specifies Vascular Pattern in Roots. Current Biology, 21(11), 917-926. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.017De Rybel, B., Adibi, M., Breda, A. S., Wendrich, J. R., Smit, M. E., Novák, O., … Weijers, D. (2014). Integration of growth and patterning during vascular tissue formation in Arabidopsis. Science, 345(6197), 1255215. doi:10.1126/science.1255215Pernisova, M., Klima, P., Horak, J., Valkova, M., Malbeck, J., Soucek, P., … Hejatko, J. (2009). Cytokinins modulate auxin-induced organogenesis in plants via regulation of the auxin efflux. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(9), 3609-3614. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811539106Cheng, Z. J., Wang, L., Sun, W., Zhang, Y., Zhou, C., Su, Y. H., … Zhang, X. S. (2012). Pattern of Auxin and Cytokinin Responses for Shoot Meristem Induction Results from the Regulation of Cytokinin Biosynthesis by AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3. Plant Physiology, 161(1), 240-251. doi:10.1104/pp.112.203166Alvarez, J., & Smyth, D. R. (2002). CRABS CLAWandSPATULAGenes Regulate Growth and Pattern Formation during Gynoecium Development inArabidopsis thaliana. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163(1), 17-41. doi:10.1086/324178Groszmann, M., Bylstra, Y., Lampugnani, E. R., & Smyth, D. R. (2010). Regulation of tissue-specific expression of SPATULA, a bHLH gene involved in carpel development, seedling germination, and lateral organ growth in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(5), 1495-1508. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq015Smyth, D. R., Bowman, J. L., & Meyerowitz, E. M. (1990). Early flower development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 2(8), 755-767. doi:10.1105/tpc.2.8.755Müller, B., & Sheen, J. (2008). Cytokinin and auxin interaction in root stem-cell specification during early embryogenesis. Nature, 453(7198), 1094-1097. doi:10.1038/nature06943Argyros, R. D., Mathews, D. E., Chiang, Y.-H., Palmer, C. M., Thibault, D. M., Etheridge, N., … Schaller, G. E. (2008). Type B Response Regulators of Arabidopsis Play Key Roles in Cytokinin Signaling and Plant Development. The Plant Cell, 20(8), 2102-2116. doi:10.1105/tpc.108.059584Mason, M. G., Mathews, D. E., Argyros, D. A., Maxwell, B. B., Kieber, J. J., Alonso, J. M., … Schaller, G. E. (2005). Multiple Type-B Response Regulators Mediate Cytokinin Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 17(11), 3007-3018. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.035451Ishida, K., Yamashino, T., Yokoyama, A., & Mizuno, T. (2008). Three Type-B Response Regulators, ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12, Play Essential but Redundant Roles in Cytokinin Signal Transduction Throughout the Life Cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and Cell Physiology, 49(1), 47-57. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm165Yokoyama, A., Yamashino, T., Amano, Y.-I., Tajima, Y., Imamura, A., Sakakibara, H., & Mizuno, T. (2006). Type-B ARR Transcription Factors, ARR10 and ARR12, are Implicated in Cytokinin-Mediated Regulation of Protoxylem Differentiation in Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and Cell Physiology, 48(1), 84-96. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcl040Schuster, C., Gaillochet, C., & Lohmann, J. U. (2015). Arabidopsis HECATE genes function in phytohormone control during gynoecium development. Development, 142(19), 3343-3350. doi:10.1242/dev.120444Toledo-Ortiz, G., Huq, E., & Quail, P. H. (2003). The Arabidopsis Basic/Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor Family. The Plant Cell, 15(8), 1749-1770. doi:10.1105/tpc.013839Reymond, M. C., Brunoud, G., Chauvet, A., Martínez-Garcia, J. F., Martin-Magniette, M.-L., Monéger, F., & Scutt, C. P. (2012). A Light-Regulated Genetic Module Was Recruited to Carpel Development in Arabidopsis following a Structural Change to SPATULA. The Plant Cell, 24(7), 2812-2825. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.097915Ballester, P., Navarrete-Gómez, M., Carbonero, P., Oñate-Sánchez, L., & Ferrándiz, C. (2015). Leaf expansion in Arabidopsis is controlled by a TCP-NGA regulatory module likely conserved in distantly related species. Physiologia Plantarum, 155(1), 21-32. doi:10.1111/ppl.12327Hellens, R., Allan, A., Friel, E., Bolitho, K., Grafton, K., Templeton, M., … Laing, W. (2005). Plant Methods, 1(1), 13. doi:10.1186/1746-4811-1-13Makkena, S., & Lamb, R. S. (2013). The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA regulates root growth by controlling the size of the root meristem. BMC Plant Biology, 13(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-13-1Stepanova, A. N., Robertson-Hoyt, J., Yun, J., Benavente, L. M., Xie, D.-Y., Doležal, K., … Alonso, J. M. (2008). TAA1-Mediated Auxin Biosynthesis Is Essential for Hormone Crosstalk and Plant Development. Cell, 133(1), 177-191. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.047Bhargava, A., Clabaugh, I., To, J. P., Maxwell, B. B., Chiang, Y.-H., Schaller, G. E., … Kieber, J. J. (2013). Identification of Cytokinin-Responsive Genes Using Microarray Meta-Analysis and RNA-Seq in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 162(1), 272-294. doi:10.1104/pp.113.217026Sakai, H., Aoyama, T., & Oka, A. (2000). Arabidopsis ARR1 and ARR2 response regulators operate as transcriptional activators. The Plant Journal, 24(6), 703-711. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00909.xSakai, H. (2001). ARR1, a Transcription Factor for Genes Immediately Responsive to Cytokinins. Science, 294(5546), 1519-1521. doi:10.1126/science.1065201Moubayidin, L., Di Mambro, R., Sozzani, R., Pacifici, E., Salvi, E., Terpstra, I., … Sabatini, S. (2013). Spatial Coordination between Stem Cell Activity and Cell Differentiation in the Root Meristem. Developmental Cell, 26(4), 405-415. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.06.025Benková, E., Michniewicz, M., Sauer, M., Teichmann, T., Seifertová, D., Jürgens, G., & Friml, J. (2003). Local, Efflux-Dependent Auxin Gradients as a Common Module for Plant Organ Formation. Cell, 115(5), 591-602. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00924-3Okada, K., Ueda, J., Komaki, M. K., Bell, C. J., & Shimura, Y. (1991). Requirement of the Auxin Polar Transport System in Early Stages of Arabidopsis Floral Bud Formation. The Plant Cell, 677-684. doi:10.1105/tpc.3.7.677Blilou, I., Xu, J., Wildwater, M., Willemsen, V., Paponov, I., Friml, J., … Scheres, B. (2005). The PIN auxin efflux facilitator network controls growth and patterning in Arabidopsis roots. Nature, 433(7021), 39-44. doi:10.1038/nature03184Mahonen, A. P. (2006). Cytokinin Signaling and Its Inhibitor AHP6 Regulate Cell Fate During Vascular Development. Science, 311(5757), 94-98. doi:10.1126/science.1118875Besnard, F., Refahi, Y., Morin, V., Marteaux, B., Brunoud, G., Chambrier, P., … Vernoux, T. (2013). Cytokinin signalling inhibitory fields provide robustness to phyllotaxis. Nature, 505(7483), 417-421. doi:10.1038/nature12791Longabaugh, W. J. R., Davidson, E. H., & Bolouri, H. (2005). Computational representation of developmental genetic regulatory networks. Developmental Biology, 283(1), 1-16. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.023Faure, E., Peter, I. S., & Davidson, E. H. (2013). A New Software Package for Predictive Gene Regulatory Network Modeling and Redesign. Journal of Computational Biology, 20(6), 419-423. doi:10.1089/cmb.2012.0297Mangan, S., & Alon, U. (2003). Structure and function of the feed-forward loop network motif. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(21), 11980-11985. doi:10.1073/pnas.2133841100Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Maere, S., Lee, E., Van Isterdael, G., Xie, Z., … Vanneste, S. (2015). A coherent transcriptional feed-forward motif model for mediating auxin-sensitive PIN3 expression during lateral root development. Nature Communications, 6(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms9821Qiu, K., Li, Z., Yang, Z., Chen, J., Wu, S., Zhu, X., … Zhou, X. (2015). EIN3 and ORE1 Accelerate Degreening during Ethylene-Mediated Leaf Senescence by Directly Activating Chlorophyll Catabolic Genes in Arabidopsis. PLOS Genetics, 11(7), e1005399. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005399Seaton, D. D., Smith, R. W., Song, Y. H., MacGregor, D. R., Stewart, K., Steel, G., … Halliday, K. J. (2015). Linked circadian outputs control elongation growth and flowering in response to photoperiod and temperature. Molecular Systems Biology, 11(1), 776. doi:10.15252/msb.20145766Roeder, A. H. K., & Yanofsky, M. F. (2006). Fruit Development in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis Book, 4, e0075. doi:10.1199/tab.0075Marsch-Martínez, N., Reyes-Olalde, J. I., Ramos-Cruz, D., Lozano-Sotomayor, P., Zúñiga-Mayo, V. M., & de Folter, S. (2012). Hormones talking. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 7(12), 1698-1701. doi:10.4161/psb.22422Balanza, V., Navarrete, M., Trigueros, M., & Ferrandiz, C. (2006). Patterning the female side of Arabidopsis: the importance of hormones. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(13), 3457-3469. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl188Kamiuchi, Y., Yamamoto, K., Furutani, M., Tasaka, M., & Aida, M. (2014). The CUC1 and CUC2 genes promote carpel margin meristem formation during Arabidopsis gynoecium development. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00165Scofield, S., Dewitte, W., & Murray, J. A. H. (2007). The KNOX gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS is required for the development of reproductive meristematic tissues in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal, 50(5), 767-781. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03095.xLi, K., Yu, R., Fan, L.-M., Wei, N., Chen, H., & Deng, X. W. (2016). DELLA-mediated PIF degradation contributes to coordination of light and gibberellin signalling in Arabidopsis. Nature Communications, 7(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms11868Oh, E., Zhu, J.-Y., & Wang, Z.-Y. (2012). Interaction between BZR1 and PIF4 integrates brassinosteroid and environmental responses. Nature Cell Biology, 14(8), 802-809. doi:10.1038/ncb2545Sharma, N., Xin, R., Kim, D.-H., Sung, S., Lange, T., & Huq, E. (2016). NO FLOWERING IN SHORT DAY (NFL) is a bHLH transcription factor that promotes flowering specifically under short-day conditions inArabidopsis. Development, 143(4), 682-690. doi:10.1242/dev.128595Varaud, E., Brioudes, F., Szécsi, J., Leroux, J., Brown, S., Perrot-Rechenmann, C., & Bendahmane, M. (2011). AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 Regulates Arabidopsis Petal Growth by Interacting with the bHLH Transcription Factor BIGPETALp. The Plant Cell, 23(3), 973-983. doi:10.1105/tpc.110.081653Savaldi-Goldstein, S., & Chory, J. (2008). Growth coordination and the shoot epidermis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 11(1), 42-48. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2007.10.009Schuster, C., Gaillochet, C., Medzihradszky, A., Busch, W., Daum, G., Krebs, M., … Lohmann, J. U. (2014). A Regulatory Framework for Shoot Stem Cell Co

Study protocol for the multicentre cohorts of Zika virus infection in pregnant women, infants, and acute clinical cases in Latin America and the Caribbean: The ZIKAlliance consortium

Background: The European Commission (EC) Horizon 2020 (H2020)-funded ZIKAlliance Consortium designed a multicentre study including pregnant women (PW), children (CH) and natural history (NH) cohorts. Clinical sites were selected over a wide geographic range within Latin America and the Caribbean, taking into account the dynamic course of the ZIKV epidemic. Methods: Recruitment to the PW cohort will take place in antenatal care clinics. PW will be enrolled regardless of symptoms and followed over the course of pregnancy, approximately every 4 weeks. PW will be revisited at delivery (or after miscarriage/abortion) to assess birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities according to the evolving definition of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). After birth, children will be followed for 2 years in the CH cohort. Follow-up visits are scheduled at ages 1-3, 4-6, 12, and 24 months to assess neurocognitive and developmental milestones. In addition, a NH cohort for the characterization of symptomatic rash/fever illness was designed, including follow-up to capture persisting health problems. Blood, urine, and other biological materials will be collected, and tested for ZIKV and other relevant arboviral diseases (dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever) using RT-PCR or serological methods. A virtual, decentralized biobank will be created. Reciprocal clinical monitoring has been established between partner sites. Substudies of ZIKV seroprevalence, transmissio

2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales.

Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology (2021) 166:3567–3579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05266-wIn March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also supported in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91019F00130 to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Part of this work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001030), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001030), and the Wellcome Trust (FC001030).S

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good