Primeras ocupaciones humanas en la Península Ibérica: Paleoeconomia en la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) y en la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza (Granada) durante el Pleistoceno Inferior

Esta Tesis Doctoral titulada: "Primeras ocupaciones humanas en la Península Ibérica: Paleoeconomía en la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) y la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza (Granada) durante el Pleistoceno Inferior" surge del interés de conocer el grado de desarrollo cultural de los paleopobladores que vivieron en Europa occidental durante el Pleistoceno Inferior, así como su capacidad de sobrevivir y reproducirse como grupo en los territorios que habitaron. Este trabajo se inició con la voluntad de realizar un estudio de estos grupos humanos desde un punto de vista paleoecológico y cultural. Este planteamiento se inspira en la arqueología contextual o "autoecología humana" propuesta por Butzer (1989; 1971) y aplicada, desde mi punto de vista de una forma extraordinaria, por Peters y Blumenschine (Blumenschine y Peters, 1998; Peters y Blumenschine, 1995) en sus trabajos sobre los paleopobladores de Olduvai. Los conjuntos documentados en el sistema kárstico de la Sierra de Atapuerca constituyen la mayor concentración de yacimientos arqueológicos del Pleistoceno Inferior existente en Europa, lo que hace de este lugar un punto clave para el estudio de las estrategias de subsistencia de los primeros paleopobladores del continente. En un territorio concreto, la Sierra, se han documentado diferentes conjuntos arqueológicos, relativamente sincrónicos, pero con características propias, que nos muestran diferentes comportamientos y actividades diferentes de los paleopobladores según su desarrollo cultural y las condiciones del medio en el que vivieron. El estudio de los materiales de los yacimientos de Fuente Nueva y Barranco León (Cuenca de Guadix-Baza) nos han mostrado las características de los asentamientos que los homínidos realizaron al aire libre, lo que nos ha permitido obtener una visión más completa de los diferentes medios en que se movían los paleopobladores del Pleistoceno Inferior: las cavidades (Sierra de Atapuerca) y el aire libre (Guadix-Baza). La suma de ambos resultados nos ha facilitado la caracterización de las estrategias de subsistencia de los paleopobladores de la Península Ibérica así como su comparación con otros conjuntos europeos de cronologías similares. Los análisis zooarqueológicos y tafonómicos llevados a cabo en los materiales óseos de los diferentes conjuntos de Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina, Fuente-Nueva-3 y Barranco León forman el corpus de datos base de este trabajo de investigación. Además, hemos recopilado los resultados obtenidos en diferentes disciplinas en relación a las características paleobiológicas de los homínidos, su desarrollo tecnológico y las características de los territorios que ocuparon. La estructura de esta Tesis se centra en tres grandes bloques: Los capítulos que forman el primer bloque contextualizan, desde diferentes ángulos, el trabajo realizado. En el capítulo 2 presentamos el estado actual en el que se encuentran los principales temas de debate sobre las primeras ocupaciones humanas de Europa. En el capítulo 3 desarrollamos un marco teórico de la paleoeconomía y las estrategias de subsistencia de los paleopobladores. En el capítulo 4 planteamos cuales son los materiales estudiados, así como los métodos que hemos utilizado para el estudio de dichos materiales. Finalmente, en el capítulo 5 hemos realizado una presentación exhaustiva de diferentes aspectos del Pleistoceno Inferior. Éste último capítulo es uno de los más extensos de esta Tesis, pero consideramos que la información recogida en él es básica para cualquier estudio que se quiera realizar sobre el Pleistoceno Inferior y los paleopobladores que habitaron Europa durante este periodo cronológico. En el segundo bloque de esta Tesis, el más extenso, presentamos los resultados obtenidos en cada uno de los conjuntos arqueológicos estudiados. Así, en los capítulos 6, 7, 8 presentamos los resultados e interpretaciones de los conjuntos de la Sierra de Atapuerca, mientras que en el capítulo 9 se presentan los resultados e interpretaciones de los conjuntos de la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza. El tercer bloque esta compuesto por la discusión y las conclusiones finales. En el capítulo 10 hemos realizado la discusión simultánea de los resultados obtenidos en los diferentes conjuntos estudiados. Así hemos caracterizado las estrategias de subsistencia de los grupos humanos de la Península Ibérica, hemos observado diferentes tipos de orictocenosis en los conjuntos de la Sierra de Atapuerca así como diferencias en la presencia de los paleopobladores en el sistema kárstico. En este capítulo también hemos comparado los resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis con los de otros conjuntos arqueológicos europeos de cronologías similares y algo más modernas. Por último, en el capítulo 11 se presentan de forma concisa y ordenada las diferentes conclusiones obtenidas en este trabajo.This entitled Ph. Doctoral: "First human occupations in the Iberian Peninsula: Palaeoeconomy in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) and the Guadix-Baza basin (Granada) during the Lower Pleistocene" arises from the interest to know the cultural development degree of the hominids, that lived in western Europe during the Lower Pleistocene, as well as their capacity to survive and reproduce themselves as a group in the territories that lived. This work began with the will to make a study of these human groups from a palaeoecologic and cultural point of view. This exposition is inspired by contextual archaeology or "human autoecology" by Butzer (1989; 1971) and applied, from my point of view in an extraordinary form by Peters and Blumenschine (Blumenschine and Peters, 1998; Peters and Blumenschine, 1995) in their works on the hominids of Olduvai. The sites documented in the karstic system of the Sierra de Atapuerca constitute the greater concentration of archaeological deposits of the existing Lower Pleistocene in Europe, which makes this place a key point for the study of the first hominids' subsistence strategies of the continent. In a determinate territory, Sierra de Atapuerca, different archaeological sites have been documented, relatively synchronous, but with own characteristics. This shows us different hominids behaviors and activities, according to their cultural development and the conditions of the environment in which they lived. The study of the materials of Fuente Nueva-3 and Barranco León (Guadix-Baza basin) have shown us the characteristics of the establishments that the hominids made in the open air, which has allowed us to obtain a more complete vision of different landscapes where the hominids of the Lower Pleistocene moved: the cavities (Sierra de Atapuerca) and the open air (Guadix-Baza basin). The sum of both results has facilitated us the characterization of the subsistence strategies hominids in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as its comparison with other European sites of similar chronologies. Gran Dolina, Fuente Nueva-3 and Barranco Leon form corpus of data bases of this work of investigation carried out the zooarchaeology and taphonomy analyses in the bones of the different sets from Sima del Elefante. In addition, we have compiled the results obtained in different disciplines in relation to the paleobiological characteristics from hominids point of view, their technological development and the characteristics of the territories that occupied. The structure of this Ph. Doctoral is centered in three great blocks: From different points of view, the chapters that form the first block provide a context for the work made. In chapter 2, we displayed the present state in which the main subjects of debate are on the first human occupations of Europe. In chapter 3, we developed a theoretical frame of the palaeoeconomy and the subsistence strategies of the hominids. In chapter 4, we raised how the studied materials are, as well as the methods that we have used for the study of these materials. Finally, in chapter 5, we have made an exhaustive presentation of different aspects from the Lower Pleistocene. Most extensively, in the second block of this Ph. Doctoral, we displayed the results obtained in each of the studied archaeological sets. Thus, in chapters 6, 7 and 8, we displayed the results and interpretations of the sites of the Sierra de Atapuerca; whereas in chapter 9, the results and interpretations of the sites of the Guadix-Baza basin appear. The third block is made up of the final discussion and conclusions. In chapter 10, we have made the simultaneous discussion of the obtained results in the different studied sets. Thus, we have characterized the subsistence strategies of the human groups in the Iberian Peninsula. We have observed different types of orictocenosis in the sites of the Sierra de Atapuerca, as well as have observed differents kinds of human occupation in the karstic system. In this chapter, we also have compared the results obtained in this Ph. Doctoral with those of other European archaeological sets, of more chronologies more modern and similar. Finally, in chapter 11, the different conclusions obtained in this work appear in a more concise and ordered way

Geminivirus C2 protein represses genes involved in sulphur assimilation and this effect can be counteracted by jasmonate treatment

Geminiviruses are plant viruses that infect a broad range of crops and cause extensive losses worldwide, having an important economic impact. C2, a multifunctional pathogenicity factor encoded by geminiviruses, has been recently shown to suppress the responses to jasmonates in the host plant, which might at least partially explain its well-established role in pathogenicity. Sulphur is one of the essential macro-elements for plant life, and is considered to have a role in plant defence, in a phenomenon named sulphur-induced resistance (SIR) or sulphur-enhanced defence (SED). In this work, we show that geminivirus C2 protein represses the expression of genes involved in the sulphur assimilation pathway in Arabidopsis, but, interestingly, this effect can be neutralized by exogenous jasmonate treatment. These preliminary results may raise the idea that geminiviruses might be affecting sulphur metabolism, and maybe counteracting SIR/SED, through the manipulation of the jasmonate signalling pathway, which would define a novel strategy in plant-virus interactions and may unveil SIR/SED as an important player in the plant defence against viruses.Ministerio de Ciencia y Innovación/FEDER AGL2007-66062-C02-02/AGR AGL2010-22287-CO2European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) BIO2010-15201Junta de Andalucía BIO­27

BIRDS FROM SIMA DEL ELEFANTE, ATAPUERCA, SPAIN: PALAEOECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE OLDEST HUMAN BEARING LEVELS OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA

Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of early Pleistocene sites has a particular interest as it sheds light on how the arriving of the first Europeans occurred, as well as on the nature of the relation between these humans and the ecosystems. Bird remains are useful tools for this purpose, because they are commonly represented in the assemblages and most taxa still exist, allowing a direct comparison between past and extant birds associations. Here we analyse the bird remains from the early Pleistocene levels of the Sima del Elefante site (1.1 to 1.5 million years old). Almost 10.000 remains belonging to at least 26 different taxa have been included. The assemblage is dominated by corvids and has a mixed origin, with cave-dwelling taxa dying in the cave and other taxa being accumulated by predators. The Sima del Elefante avian assemblage provides the oldest record of several taxa in the Iberian Peninsula (Haliaeetus albicilla, Corvus pliocaenus). Besides, here we report the oldest evidence of Imperial Eagle in the Iberian Peninsula, prior to the separation of the oriental and Iberian populations. The assemblage composition suggests that open environmental conditions were dominant, with minor presence of woodlands and water bodies, which is congruent with some previous approaches by other proxies. The first humans occupying the Iberian Peninsula inhabited under Mediterranean climate conditions, which gradually deteriorated, as reflected by the avian turnover recorded at the middle Pleistocene Atapuerca assemblages

Paper de Lactobacillus sake i Lactobacillus curvatus en la maduració del fuet

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Activity markers on the anterior dentition of Neandertals: the case of cultural striations

Comunicación presentada en el XIII Encuentro en Jóvenes Investigadores en Paleontología (XIII EJIP) - XIII Meeting of Early-Stage Researchers in Paleontology (XIII EJIP): Cercedilla, 15 - 18 de Abril de 2015Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el proyecto CGL2012-36682 (MINECO)Peer reviewe

El temps i el grau de la primera recurrencia després del tractament amb BCG en els pacients amb tumor primari de bufeta T1G3 són factors pronòstics útils de progressió

Aproximadament el 10% dels pacients amb càncer de bufeta no-múscul invasiu (NMICB) presentarà T1G3 en el moment del diagnòstic. La principal preocupació és que alguns d'aquests pacients puguin progressar a malaltia músculo- invasiva quan són tractats de forma conservadora. Per contra, la cistectomía inmediata pot ser un sobretractament en un nombre significatiu de pacients. Actualment, els pacients amb tumor de alt grau són tractats amb BCG endovesical. La cistectomia tardana en el moment de la progressió disminueix la supervivència càncer específica. La recurrencia als tres i sis mesos ha estat avaluada com un factor pronòstic límit, per diferents autors, per a procedir o no a la cistectomía radical abans de la progressió. Avaluem la recurrencia, com a baix o alt grau, i el temps de recurrència com a factor pronòstic de progressi

És la diversitat sembrada una eina de resistència enfront a les males herbes en cultius farratgers?

El creixement de males herbes és un problema habitual als camps de cultiu de plantes farratgeres. Tradicionalment, molts agricultors han utilitzat tot tipus d'estratègies basades en l'energia exògena per evitar la invasió d'espècies no desitjades als monocultius. No obstant, diversos estudis han demostrat que no és la tàctica més adequada per fer front a aquesta situació. A més a més, s'han realitzat diverses anàlisis per tal de determinar la resistència dels policultius davant la invasibilitat i, al mateix temps, augmentar la productivitat, obtenint resultats més satisfactoris als policultius.El crecimiento de malas hierbas es un problema habitual en los campos de cultivo de plantas forrajeras. Tradicionalmente, muchos agricultores han utilizado todo tipo de estrategias basadas en la energía exógena para evitar la invasión de especies no deseadas en los monocultivos. No obstante, diversos estudios han demostrado que no es la táctica más adecuada para hacer frente a esta situación. Además, se han realizado diversos análisis para determinar la resistencia de los policultivos a la invasibilidad y, al mismo tiempo, aumentar la productividad, obteniendo resultados satisfactorios en dichos cultivos.Weed growth is a usual problem on fodder plant farmlands. Traditionally, many farmers have used all sorts of strategies based on exogenous energy to avoid the invasion of unwanted species in monoculture. However, several researches have proved that they are not the most appropriate tactics to tackle this situation. Moreover, various analyses have been carried out relating to the polyculture resistance to invasibility, and, at the same time, to increase the productivity getting satisfactory results on these crops

Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behaviour among Neandertal groups

The remains of 12 Neandertal individuals have been found at the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain), consisting of six adults, three adolescents, two juveniles, and one infant. Archaeological, paleontological, and geological evidence indicates that these individuals represent all or part of a contemporaneous social group of Neandertals, who died at around the same time and later were buried together as a result of a collapse of an underground karst. We sequenced phylogenetically informative positions of mtDNA hypervariable regions 1 and 2 from each of the remains. Our results show that the 12 individuals stem from three different maternal lineages, accounting for seven, four, and one individual(s), respectively. Using a Y-chromosome assay to confirm the morphological determination of sex for each individual, we found that, although the three adult males carried the same mtDNA lineage, each of the three adult females carried different mtDNA lineages. These findings provide evidence to indicate that Neandertal groups not only were small and characterized by low genetic diversity but also were likely to have practiced patrilocal mating behavior.C.L.-F. also is supported by an Intramural Grant from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. A.R., A.E., M.B., A.G.-T., and S.G.-V. are supported by Grant CGL2009-09013 from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain.Peer reviewe

Experimental butchering of a chimpanzee carcass for archaeological purposes

Two archaeological assemblages from the Sierra de Atapuerca sites show evidence of anthropogenic cannibalism. These are the late Early Pleistocene level TD6-2 at Gran Dolina, and the Bronze Age level MIR4 in the Mirador Cave. Despite the chronological distance between these two assemblages, they share the common feature that the human remains exhibit a high frequency of anthropogenic modifications (cut marks, percussion pits and notches and peeling). This frequency could denote special treatment of bodies, or else be the normal result of the butchering process. In order to test these possibilities, we subjected a chimpanzee carcass to a butchering process. The processing was intensive and intended to simulate preparation for consumption. In doing this, we used several simple flakes made from quartzite and chert from quarries in the Sierra de Atapuerca. The skull, long bones, metapodials and phalanges were also fractured in order to remove the brain and bone marrow. As a result, about 40% of the remains showed some kind of human modification. The frequency, distribution and characteristics of these modifications are very similar to those documented on the remains of Homo antecessor from TD6-2. In case of the MIR4 assemblage, the results are similar except in the treatment of skulls. Our results indicate that high frequencies of anthropogenic modifications are common after an intensive butchering process intended to prepare a hominin body for consumption in different contexts (both where there was possible ritual behavior and where this was not the case and the modifications are not the result of special treatment).This work was supported by Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) of Spain Government, project nº CGL2012-38434-C03-03 and project nº HAR2012-32548Peer reviewe

A preliminary assessment of the thoracic remains of the El Sidrón Neandertals (Asturias, Spain)

Resumen del póster presentado en: 3rd Annual Meeting of the European Society for the study of Human Evolution, 19-21 September 2013, Vienna/AustriaPeer reviewe