Osmotic Dehydration of Watermelon Flesh

Late harvested or second-class watermelons are often wasted or left in the field. A food preservation process yielding an acceptable product is needed to capitalize on this otherwise wasted commodity. Watermelons were dried to produce a shelf-stable watermelon product made from osmotic dehydration. Peeled watermelon flesh (3x3x3 cm cubes) was pre-treated with additives (sugar, CaCl2, and aluminum powder) followed by either forced-air or vacuum drying. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of additives and drying systems. In the first study, raw watermelon cubes were soaked in either 50� or 10� Brix sugar solutions for 2hrs followed by forced-air drying at 60� C. In the second study, CaCl2 and aluminum powder additives were applied prior to the 50� Brix osmotic pre-treatment to improve the quality of the watermelon samples. In the third study, watermelon samples were pre-treated with both additives and the 50� Brix sugar solution prior to either forced-air or vacuum drying. Samples were taken at drying times of 0, 2, 7, 13, 19, and 31 hours. Dried watermelons were evaluated by water activity, moisture content, color, and texture. The Hunter Lab color values were determined using a hand-held colorimeter, and the Warner-Bratzler shearing test was conducted using a texture analyzer (TA.XT2). Findings and Conclusions: Soaking watermelon samples in the 50� Brix sugar solution resulted in a faster drying rate, less change in color, and a softer texture than the 10� Brix solution. In the second comparison, the use of pre-treatment additives did not affect the rate of water loss during drying. However, dried watermelons with CaCl2 and alum additives did result in less color change and softer texture. In the third comparison, the forced-air drying resulted in a faster drying rate during the earlier drying stages (< 7 hrs) and the vacuum drying resulted in a faster drying rate during the later drying stages. Force-air drying also resulted in a softer texture in the dried product. In conclusion, osmotic dehydration proved to be a useful method for producing a dried watermelon product.Biosystems and Agricultural Engineerin

UNIVERSAL STATUS LIGHT

Typically, hardware devices, such as networking devices, include status indicators that display the status of ports and other elements related to the device. Each status indicator includes a status light that is carried by a plastic tube or pipe. Large amounts of plastic are typically involved in the manufacture of port status plastic tubes for networking devices worldwide. Techniques described herein provide for a universal status light that can be provided for networking devices in which the universal status light provides for merging port status indicators and general status indicators into a single status indicator, which may help to reduce plastic consumption and CO2 emissions

Local enrichment of HP1alpha at telomeres alters their structure and regulation of telomere protection.

Enhanced telomere maintenance is evident in malignant cancers. While telomeres are thought to be inherently heterochromatic, detailed mechanisms of how epigenetic modifications impact telomere protection and structures are largely unknown in human cancers. Here we develop a molecular tethering approach to experimentally enrich heterochromatin protein HP1α specifically at telomeres. This results in increased deposition of H3K9me3 at cancer cell telomeres. Telomere extension by telomerase is attenuated, and damage-induced foci at telomeres are reduced, indicating augmentation of telomere stability. Super-resolution STORM imaging shows an unexpected increase in irregularity of telomeric structure. Telomere-tethered chromo shadow domain (CSD) mutant I165A of HP1α abrogates both the inhibition of telomere extension and the irregularity of telomeric structure, suggesting the involvement of at least one HP1α-ligand in mediating these effects. This work presents an approach to specifically manipulate the epigenetic status locally at telomeres to uncover insights into molecular mechanisms underlying telomere structural dynamics

Control of the nanoscale crystallinity and phase separation in polymer solar cells

Grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy were performed on bulk heterojunction regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT) [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl esters spin-cast films with different film processing conditions to correlate the crystalline nanostructure of P3HT with the corresponding solar cell performance. The increase in long wavelength absorption for solvent annealed films is related to highly conjugated crystal structure of RR-P3HT phase-separated in the active layer. Upon thermal annealing, the solvent annealed 50-nm-thick device shows high solar cell performance with fill factor up to 73% and power conversion efficiency of 3.80%

Control of the nanoscale crystallinity and phase separation in polymer solar cells

Grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy were performed on bulk heterojunction regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT) [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl esters spin-cast films with different film processing conditions to correlate the crystalline nanostructure of P3HT with the corresponding solar cell performance. The increase in long wavelength absorption for solvent annealed films is related to highly conjugated crystal structure of RR-P3HT phase-separated in the active layer. Upon thermal annealing, the solvent annealed 50-nm-thick device shows high solar cell performance with fill factor up to 73% and power conversion efficiency of 3.80%

Properties of Lactobacillus reuteri chitosan-calcium-alginate encapsulation under simulated gastrointestinal conditions

The protective effects of encapsulation on the survival of Lactobacillus reuteri and the retention of the bacterium’s probiotic properties under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were investigated. Viable counts and the remaining probiotic properties of calcium (Ca)-alginate encapsulated (A group), chitosan-Ca-alginate encapsulated (CA group), and unencapsulated, free L. reuteri (F group) were determined. Encapsulation improved the survival of L. reuteri subjected to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with the greatest protective effect achieved in the CA group. The degree of cell membrane injury increased with increasing bile salt concentrations at constant pH, but the extent of injury was less in the encapsulated than in the free cells. Adherence rates were, in descending order: CA (0.524%) > A (0.360%) > F (0.275%). Lactobacillus reuteri cells retained their antagonistic activity toward Listeria monocytogenes even after incubation of the lactobacilli under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Displacement of the pathogen by cells released from either of the encapsulation matrices was higher than that by free cells. The safety of L. reuteri was demonstrated in an in vitro invasion assay. [Int Microbiol 2015; 18(1):61-69]Keywords: Lactobacillus reuteri · Listeria monocytogenes · chitosan–calcium-alginate encapsulation · probiotic properties · simulated gastrointestinal condition

The Impacts Of Presentation Modes And Product Involvements On “Line” Short Message Service (SMS) Advertising Effectiveness

In today’s ubiquitous commerce (UC) era, short message service (SMS) advertisement has played an important role in the world of marketing. Convenience and economical reasons influence SMS usage frequency along with social involvement to influence attitudes towards SMS advertising. SMS advertising creates numerous opportunities for the marketers in promoting their products effectively. Adopting the competition for attention theory as the theoretical framework, we developed hypotheses to investigate the influences of presentation mode and involvement on SMS advertising performance (recall of advertising information). An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of three types of information presentation modes (text-only, image-text, and emoji-text) in the contexts of two product types (high- versus low-involvement products) in the “LINE” SMS environment. Specifically, in this current study, we allocate participants to six experimental environments (text-only for high-involvement products, text-only for low-involvement products, image-text for high-involvement products, image-text for low-involvement products, emoji-text for high-involvement products and emoji-text for low-involvement products) randomly to collected empirical data to examine the proposed hypotheses. The research findings are expected to provide instrumental guidelines for the practitioners to better achieve the goals of ads in the “LINE” SMS environment. Also, the empirical results may provide insights into the research of advertising interface design of SMS and integrating efforts from cognitive science and vision research to understand users’ involvement of SMS advertising processes

Improvement of n-butanol tolerance in Escherichia coli by membrane-targeted tilapia metallothionein

Background: Though n-butanol has been proposed as a potential transportation biofuel, its toxicity oftencauses oxidative stress in the host microorganism and is considered one of the bottlenecks preventing itsefficient mass production.Results: To relieve the oxidative stress in the host cell, metallothioneins (MTs), which are known as scavengersfor reactive oxygen species (ROS), were engineered in E. coli hosts for both cytosolic and outer-membrane-targeted (osmoregulatory membrane protein OmpC fused) expression. Metallothioneins from human (HMT),mouse (MMT), and tilapia fish (TMT) were tested. The host strain expressing membrane-targeted TMT showed thegreatest ability to reduce oxidative stresses induced by n-butanol, ethanol, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, andnickel. The same strain also allowed for an increased growth rate of recombinant E. coli under n-butanol stress.Further experiments indicated that the TMT-fused OmpC protein could not only function in ROS scavenging butalso regulate either glycine betaine (GB) or glucose uptake via osmosis, and the dual functional fusion proteincould contribute in an enhancement of the host microorganism’s growth rate.Conclusions: The abilities of scavenging intracellular or extracellular ROS by these engineering E. coli wereexamined, and TMT show the best ability among three MTs. Additionally, the membrane-targeted fusion protein,OmpC-TMT, improved host tolerance up to 1.5% n-butanol above that of TMT which is only 1%. These resultspresented indicate potential novel approaches for engineering stress tolerant microorganism strains

The microbial antibodies secretion expression platform with scale down fermentors

Therapeutic antibodies have become one of the most effective therapeutics for human diseases such as cancer, inflammation and viral infection. The production of antibody-based drugs using microbial expression systems is more cost effective with ease of gene manipulation compared to mammalian expression systems. In our team, antibody fragments (ex: BsAb, scFv and Fab) were produced from methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris secretion expression system with the AOX1 as driven promoter or E. coli secretion expression system. To achieve high production yield for both system, we investigated fermentation parameter such as base medium, induction medium, induction condition, feeding strategy and pH. For the 250 ml fermentor Pichia system, the nitrogen have been add into glycerol fed medium and/or methanol induction medium and also compared base-medium, buffered glycerol-complex medium (BMGY) and basal salt medium (BS). The highest scFv production was yielded from the basal salt medium as base medium, glycerol fed medium plus nitrogen and multiple carbon source methanol induction medium. This process can yielded over 500 mg/L scFv. After scale-up from 250 ml fermentor to 5L fermentor, the methanol fed-back control system also applied on the 5 L fermentor, can achieve 1.7 g/L scFv in 5 days. The E. coli expression process has passed through screening for high production yield clones in 2 ml deep-well then confirmed by using 250 ml flask scale. Feeding medium, DO, pH etc, parameters were investigated by parallel 250 ml-fermenter. The parameters from 250 ml fermentor were validated by using 5 L fermenter. Under this scale-up procedure, the antibody Fab was 100 folds production yield, production deep well stage at 1 mg/L, production from 250 ml fermentor stage is 50-100 mg/L and production 5 L fermentor stage is over 35-90 mg/L. Although different antibodies will result in different production yield, building a reliable platform to predict production yield from antibody cell clones under deep well and shake flask stage serves a good scale-down model for future scale-up prediction