Ta Mok Shwe-gu-gyi Temple: Local Art in Upper Myanmar 11-17th century AD

The article explores the relationship of a local tradition of nine Shwe-gu or “golden caves” and the 11 khayaing of Kyaukse, the rice fields that supplied Bagan. Drawing on survey and ongoing work at the Ta Mok khayaing Shwe-gu-gyi, we profile a local specificity essential to and yet far from the courts of 11th–17th century Bagan, Pinya and Inwa. In its multiple encasements of images and architecture, the Ta Mok Shwe-gu-gyi records a transition from the visual complexity of Bagan period gu to the more iconic structures of the Pinya and Inwa eras

Statistical Function Tagging and Grammatical Relations of Myanmar Sentences

This paper describes a context free grammar (CFG) based grammatical relations for Myanmar sentences which combine corpus-based function tagging system. Part of the challenge of statistical function tagging for Myanmar sentences comes from the fact that Myanmar has free-phrase-order and a complex morphological system. Function tagging is a pre-processing step to show grammatical relations of Myanmar sentences. In the task of function tagging, which tags the function of Myanmar sentences with correct segmentation, POS (part-of-speech) tagging and chunking information, we use Naive Bayesian theory to disambiguate the possible function tags of a word. We apply context free grammar (CFG) to find out the grammatical relations of the function tags. We also create a functional annotated tagged corpus for Myanmar and propose the grammar rules for Myanmar sentences. Experiments show that our analysis achieves a good result with simple sentences and complex sentences.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables, AIAA-2011 (India). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0912.1820 by other author

国際貿易協定、国際投資協定及び国際統合に関する研究

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(学術)Doctor of Philosophydoctora

India's Democratic Identity and Its Policy towards Myanmar from 1988 to 2010

Since the 1990s, India has reengaged with Myanmar government. The Indian government's engagement with Myanmar's military junta provoked a controversial issue in international community, claiming that "the oldest democratic country in Asia" is not doing enough to promote democracy in her neighborhood. The question raised was what has motivated India to develop cordial relations with Myanmar's military junta. The paper emphasizes the role of India's democratic identity in Indo-Myanmar policy during 1988-2010. Previous literatures revealed India's policy towards Myanmar in economic and security assumptions. They tended to sketch India Policy as "in-active" in promotion of democracy practiced from west democratic institutions norms, such as "isolation" and "totally disengagement". The paper briefly explains Indo-Myanmar relations from 1988 to 2010. Security and economic interests play a larger role than the intention to promote democratic identity in Myanmar. The paper argues that in the background of Indo-Myanmar development cooperation, India has made efforts to promote democratic value in Myanmar differently from other western democratic countries. Engagement policy has shaped Indo-Myanmar relations in the 1990s. India "engagement policy", "non-isolation" and "development cooperation" with Myanmar government has brought up contractions. (author's abstract

Seepage and Slope Stability Analysis of Myittha Multipurpose Dam Project, Gangaw Township, Magway Region, Myanmar

Myittha Multipurpose Dam Project is constructed on Myittha River to be implemented for hydropower production of installed power 40 MW and average annual energy 170 million kWh for regional development and irrigation network of 12,000 acres. Myittha dam has two portions of embankment: main dam (rockfill zone type) and long saddle dam (homogeneous type). The purpose of this paper is the evaluation of seepage and slope stability conditions of Myittha embankments (Myanmar) based on three different cases of operations: end of construction before filling the reservoir, steady state seepage and rapid drawdown of the reservoir. Seepage and slope stability analysis were done in two ways: analytical and computer approaches. Analytically, seepage analysis was done by using Laplace equation based on Darcy's law and slope stability analysis was done by using Ordinary Method of Slices and Bishop Simplified Method. This analytical approach was used to access based on the earthen dam details and geotechnical design parameters of embankment materials. On this research, SLOPE/W and SEEP/W soft-wares were used as computer approach. The analysis results presented in this research confirm the safety of Myittha dam against combined seepage and slope stability under all cases of operation

Documenting the application of the Myanmar Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy

This paper documents the testimonials of those who implemented the Myanmar Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy (MCSAS) and accounts of those who experienced its application on the ground. Success stories and challenges in implementing MCSAS were documented. Based on the stakeholder interviews conducted, MCSAS is proven to be a valuable document in guiding the implementation of context-specific climate actions in Myanmar. Nineteen government and NGO programs, four policy documents, and an estimate of one billion USD investments were influenced by MCSAS. Following the MCSAS, the National Climate-Smart Agriculture Center of Yezin Agricultural University was established in 2018. Several projects focusing on farmers, particularly the Climate-Smart Village in the Dry Zone and the Farmer Field School in the Delta Zone, were also studied to understand the depth of the influence of MCSAS. In these cases, climate-smart practices adopted have helped farmers coped with climate change and increased their household incomes. Nevertheless, suggestions were made to further improve the Strategy with more specific actions that could be implemented and the funding options that implementers could pursue. The Strategy also needs to be integrated into the current programs of the government and its contents translated in the local language in a format that local people can understand

A Thematic Analysis of Links between Multinational Enterprises’ Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development Goals in Myanmar

Adopting textual analysis, we examine the links between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 30 foreign subsidiaries in Myanmar, a Country of Concern (CoC). The analysis covers the period from 2001 up to 2020. Our work contributes to the literature on SDGs and CSR in a CoC. We find that although multinational enterprises (MNEs) address community issues via philanthropy unrelated to their principal business, in some cases CSR is related to their core capability. Despite some diversity in CSR processes, we find that MNEs tackle limited CSR issues. Furthermore, MNEs’ CSR generates positive externalities rather than reduce negative externalities. This finding confirms the discourse in international business policy suggesting MNEs focus on only positive externalities and ignoring negative externalities, and this neglect of negative externalities could result in a net-negative impact from their CSR. Nevertheless, we observe that CSR activities map onto all but one SDG, thus demonstrating the potential for further investment in CSR in Myanmar. Our study highlights that given a CoC is all about institutional weakness, MNEs’ CSR must focus on strengthening institutions to bring about systemic changes in these contexts, as opposed to short-term ‘bandage’ approaches, otherwise, gains to SDGs will be short-lived