Fuzzy Logic Based Dam Water Shutter Control System by Using Water Level and Rainfall Condition in Raining Season

A robust water shutter management system ensures that the water does not overflow and destroy or damage the dam. During the rainy season, care must be taken when dams conserve water, if the reservoir volume is too high, the risk of dam failure may be increased. So water level control is a special matter in the rainy season. Fuzzy logic sets provide better control than binary logic-based methods because they are used to determine the meaning of qualitative values for controller inputs and outputs, such as small, medium, and large control actions. This system used the fuzzy logic control theory in the water shutter management system to get smoothness motor control values of small, very small, medium, large, and very large. The system uses ultrasonic sensors to detect water levels, rain sensors to detect rain, and fuzzy logic controls to control the PWM duty cycle to the shutter gate motor driver circuit based on the detection of these two sensors. This control strategy is implemented with Arduino Uno

Nowa Konstytucja Państwa Litewskiego

Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene (G972R) Polymorphism and Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

The insulin receptor substrate-1 gene (IRS-1) gene has been considered a candidate for insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. The most common IRS-1 variant, a glycine to arginine change at codon 972(G972R) is more prevalent among subjects who have features of insulin resistance syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the insulin receptor substrate-1 gene (G972R) polymorphism and insulin resistance in overweight and obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The genomic DNA of the subjects was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with BstN1 used for codon 972.</p

Antimicrobials use and resistance on integrated poultry-fish farming systems in the Ayeyarwady Delta of Myanmar

Antimicrobials are used to support livestock health and productivity, but might pose a risk for the development of antimicrobial resistance; in particular, when multiple livestock species are raised together in production systems. On integrated chicken-fish farms, chickens are raised over fish ponds and poultry faeces is excreted into the ponds. We investigated antimicrobial usage and the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli cultured from poultry faeces on 301 integrated farms in Ayeyarwady Delta of Myanmar. Antimicrobials were used by 92.4% of farmers for chickens, but they were not applied to fish. The most common antimicrobials used were Octamix (amoxicillin and colistin sulfate) on 28.4%, enrofloxacin on 21.0% and amoxicillin on 16% of farms. Overall, 83.1% (152/183) of the E. coli were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The highest level of resistance was to amoxicillin (54.6%), tetracycline (39.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (35.5%) and enrofloxacin (34.4%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 42.4% of isolates. In general, we found similar levels of antimicrobial resistance in non-users of antimicrobials as in users of antimicrobials for more commonly applied antimicrobials. Overall, antimicrobial resistance was lower in chickens on these integrated farms in Myanmar, compared to poultry farms in other countries of South East and East Asia

Validation of G6PD Point-of-Care Tests among Healthy Volunteers in Yangon, Myanmar

<div><p>Primaquine and other 8-amnoquinoline based anti-malarials can cause haemolysis in subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Correct diagnosis of G6PD status in patients is crucial for safe treatment of both relapsing stages of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> and transmitting forms of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>. Lack of suitable point-of-care tests has hampered a much needed wide use of primaquine for malaria elimination. In this study we have assessed the performances of two qualitative tests, the fluorescent spot test (FST) and the G6PD CareStart test (CST), against the gold standard quantitative spectrophotometric assay in a population of 1000 random adult healthy volunteers living in Yangon, Myanmar. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency in the Bamar, Karen and in the whole sample set was 6.6% (10.1% in males), 9.2% (21.0% in males) and 6.8% (11.1% in males) respectively. The FST and CST showed comparable performances with sensitivity over 95% and specificity over 90%, however for cases with severe G6PD activity the FTS had improved performance. If used with a conservative interpretation of the signal, the CareStart test has the potential to be used in the field and, by allowing a wider use of primaquine, to help malaria elimination.</p></div

Clinical performance of the CareStart and Trinity Fluorescent Spot screening tests for detection of deficient U/RBC activity.^*

<p>Clinical performance of the CareStart and Trinity Fluorescent Spot screening tests for detection of deficient U/RBC activity.^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152304#t004fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}</p

Red Blood cells characteristics [Mean (SD)] according to Hb type.

<p>Red Blood cells characteristics [Mean (SD)] according to Hb type.</p

Example of samples from a G6PD deficient male (left, G6PD activity = 1.21 IU/gHb) and G6PD normal male (right, G6PD activity = 7.18 IU/gHb) that were both diagnosed as deficient using the CST test.

<p>Example of samples from a G6PD deficient male (left, G6PD activity = 1.21 IU/gHb) and G6PD normal male (right, G6PD activity = 7.18 IU/gHb) that were both diagnosed as deficient using the CST test.</p