Effect of film-forming polymers on control of lily leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica

The effectiveness of film-forming polyelectrolytes for the control of lily leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica was evaluated using laboratory a leaf disk assay, greenhouse tests and field trials. Among the six polyelectrolytes, 400 ppm FO4240SH, FO4490SH and FO4550SH reduced the disease severity of lily leaf blight in leaf-disk tests. Both FO4240SH and FO4490SH also suppressed sporulation of the pathogen on leaf disks. In greenhouse tests, the number and size of lesions on leaves of Lilium oriental hybrid cv. Star Gazer were markedly reduced by FO4490SH and FO4550SH. Field trials showed that the effectiveness of FO4490SH was similar or better than that of procymidone on the reduction of lily leaf blight disease severity. The polymers had no harmful effects on the lily plants. The cationic polyelectrolytes FO4240SH, FO4490SH and FO4550SH reduced the percentage of conidial germination, inhibited germ-tube growth, and also suppressed the esterase production by germ tubes of B. elliptica. All the above evidence indicates that the disease control achieved with polyelectrolytes is due, at least in part, to the reduction of esterase secretion by B. elliptica

Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts Detected by Fermi and Swift during the LIGO-Virgo Run O3b

We search for gravitational-wave signals associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the Fermi and Swift satellites during the second half of the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (2019 November 1 15:00 UTC-2020 March 27 17:00 UTC). We conduct two independent searches: A generic gravitational-wave transients search to analyze 86 GRBs and an analysis to target binary mergers with at least one neutron star as short GRB progenitors for 17 events. We find no significant evidence for gravitational-wave signals associated with any of these GRBs. A weighted binomial test of the combined results finds no evidence for subthreshold gravitational-wave signals associated with this GRB ensemble either. We use several source types and signal morphologies during the searches, resulting in lower bounds on the estimated distance to each GRB. Finally, we constrain the population of low-luminosity short GRBs using results from the first to the third observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. The resulting population is in accordance with the local binary neutron star merger rate. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society

Narrowband Searches for Continuous and Long-duration Transient Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars in the LIGO-Virgo Third Observing Run

Isolated neutron stars that are asymmetric with respect to their spin axis are possible sources of detectable continuous gravitational waves. This paper presents a fully coherent search for such signals from eighteen pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3). For known pulsars, efficient and sensitive matched-filter searches can be carried out if one assumes the gravitational radiation is phase-locked to the electromagnetic emission. In the search presented here, we relax this assumption and allow both the frequency and the time derivative of the frequency of the gravitational waves to vary in a small range around those inferred from electromagnetic observations. We find no evidence for continuous gravitational waves, and set upper limits on the strain amplitude for each target. These limits are more constraining for seven of the targets than the spin-down limit defined by ascribing all rotational energy loss to gravitational radiation. In an additional search, we look in O3 data for long-duration (hours-months) transient gravitational waves in the aftermath of pulsar glitches for six targets with a total of nine glitches. We report two marginal outliers from this search, but find no clear evidence for such emission either. The resulting duration-dependent strain upper limits do not surpass indirect energy constraints for any of these targets. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society

Search for gravitational-wave transients associated with magnetar bursts in advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo data from the third observing run

Gravitational waves are expected to be produced from neutron star oscillations associated with magnetar giant f lares and short bursts. We present the results of a search for short-duration (milliseconds to seconds) and longduration (∼100 s) transient gravitational waves from 13 magnetar short bursts observed during Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo, and KAGRA’s third observation run. These 13 bursts come from two magnetars, SGR1935 +2154 and SwiftJ1818.0−1607. We also include three other electromagnetic burst events detected by FermiGBM which were identified as likely coming from one or more magnetars, but they have no association with a known magnetar. No magnetar giant flares were detected during the analysis period. We find no evidence of gravitational waves associated with any of these 16 bursts. We place upper limits on the rms of the integrated incident gravitational-wave strain that reach 3.6 × 10−²³ Hz at 100 Hz for the short-duration search and 1.1 ×10−²² Hz at 450 Hz for the long-duration search. For a ringdown signal at 1590 Hz targeted by the short-duration search the limit is set to 2.3 × 10−²² Hz. Using the estimated distance to each magnetar, we derive upper limits upper limits on the emitted gravitational-wave energy of 1.5 × 1044 erg (1.0 × 1044 erg) for SGR 1935+2154 and 9.4 × 10^43 erg (1.3 × 1044 erg) for Swift J1818.0−1607, for the short-duration (long-duration) search. Assuming isotropic emission of electromagnetic radiation of the burst fluences, we constrain the ratio of gravitational-wave energy to electromagnetic energy for bursts from SGR 1935+2154 with the available fluence information. The lowest of these ratios is 4.5 × 103

A joint Fermi-GBM and Swift-BAT analysis of gravitational-wave candidates from the third gravitational-wave observing run

We present Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM) and Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT) searches for gamma-ray/X-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) candidate events identified during the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Using Fermi-GBM onboard triggers and subthreshold gamma-ray burst (GRB) candidates found in the Fermi-GBM ground analyses, the Targeted Search and the Untargeted Search, we investigate whether there are any coincident GRBs associated with the GWs. We also search the Swift-BAT rate data around the GW times to determine whether a GRB counterpart is present. No counterparts are found. Using both the Fermi-GBM Targeted Search and the Swift-BAT search, we calculate flux upper limits and present joint upper limits on the gamma-ray luminosity of each GW. Given these limits, we constrain theoretical models for the emission of gamma rays from binary black hole mergers

Constraints on the cosmic expansion history from GWTC–3

We use 47 gravitational wave sources from the Third LIGO–Virgo–Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC–3) to estimate the Hubble parameter H(z), including its current value, the Hubble constant H0. Each gravitational wave (GW) signal provides the luminosity distance to the source, and we estimate the corresponding redshift using two methods: the redshifted masses and a galaxy catalog. Using the binary black hole (BBH) redshifted masses, we simultaneously infer the source mass distribution and H(z). The source mass distribution displays a peak around 34 M⊙, followed by a drop-off. Assuming this mass scale does not evolve with the redshift results in a H(z) measurement, yielding ${H}_{0}={68}_{-8}^{+12}\,\mathrm{km}\ \,\ {{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{-1}$ (68% credible interval) when combined with the H0 measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. This represents an improvement of 17% with respect to the H0 estimate from GWTC–1. The second method associates each GW event with its probable host galaxy in the catalog GLADE+, statistically marginalizing over the redshifts of each event's potential hosts. Assuming a fixed BBH population, we estimate a value of ${H}_{0}={68}_{-6}^{+8}\,\mathrm{km}\ \,\ {{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{-1}$ with the galaxy catalog method, an improvement of 42% with respect to our GWTC–1 result and 20% with respect to recent H0 studies using GWTC–2 events. However, we show that this result is strongly impacted by assumptions about the BBH source mass distribution; the only event which is not strongly impacted by such assumptions (and is thus informative about H0) is the well-localized event GW190814

Control of powdery mildew with potassium bicarbonate and polyelectrolyte

測試0.5、1.0 及2.0% (w/v) 碳酸氫鈉、碳酸氫鉀及碳酸氫銨等三種重碳酸鹽對番茄白粉病菌(Oidium neolycopersici)、豌豆白粉病菌(Erysiphe pisi) 及玫瑰白粉病菌(Sphaerotheca pannosa)等孢子發芽的影響，發現均可有效降低孢子發芽率，其中以碳酸氫鈉與碳酸氫鉀的效果最佳，且在0.5% (w/v) 時即可表現顯著(p 0.05)，三者的防治率均達83.2% 以上；而聚電解質的抑病效果則較其他三種處理的效果為差，且聚電解質與碳酸氫鉀混合液並未能增進病害防治效果。由豌豆白粉病的田間試驗發現，噴水處理亦具有抑制白粉病的效果，與對照不噴水處理之間呈顯著差異(p < 0.05)。綜合三個田間試驗結果，顯示0.5%(w/v) 碳酸氫鉀的防病效力與化學藥劑無異，可推荐給農民使用。 Sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on spore germination of three powdery mildew pathogens, Oidium neolycopersici, E rysiphe pisi, and S p h a e rotheca pannosa. Data showed that the spore germinations of these pathogens were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed by all three bicarbonates, especially sodium and potassium bicarbonate at 0.5% (w/v). Detached leaf method also was used to evaluate 0.5% (w/v) bicarbonates and 0.03% (w/v) polyelectrolyte (FO4490SH) for control of powdery mildew. The result showed that all treatments except ammonium bicarbonate reduced the infection area of powdery mildew on tomato leaf surfaces, especially sodium and potassium bicarbonate. Three field trials were conducted in central Taiwan to evaluate the applicability of potassium bicarbonate, polyelectrolyte and fungicides for control of tomato, pea and rose powdery mildew. Each trial was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. Potassium bicarbonate at 0.5%, and 0.5% potassium bicarbonate plus 0.03% polyelectrolyte were effective in decreasing the disease severity of powdery mildews on all three crops tested. The treatments were as effective as fungicides. The percentages of disease control in all three treatments were more than 80%. The severity of powdery mildew was only slightly reduced by the treatment of polyelectrolyte alone on tomato and pea. Polyelectrolyte did not increase the efficacy of disease control by potassium bicarbonate in this study. Spray with water also slightly reduced the disease severity of powdery mildew on pea in comparison with no water spray. This study showed that 0.5% potassium bicarbonate could be used as an alternative method for control of powdery mildew in the field

Strategies and Practices of Trade Management for Phalaenopsis Varieties

台灣蝴蝶蘭擁有多樣而豐富的種原，且在育種者的努力下，商業品種推陳出新，奠定了蝴蝶蘭產業行銷全世界的基石。然而，許多以往提升育種效率的核心種原或商業品種隨著時代的變遷而由市場上流失，並無一套完整的機制進行計畫性地蒐集與保存。另外，國內育種者生產規模以小型居多，無專業能力處理流程冗長的品種權申請與管理問題，容易因市場機制而廉售品種。因此，台灣的蝴蝶蘭育種要能保有以往領先地位，應成立蝴蝶蘭品種管理平台或成立法人機構辦理品種交易管理業務，統合品種之保存、寄賣、鑑價收購、試種、展示、行銷、智財佈局、侵權處理及資訊服務等業務於一身，協助產業站穩品種多樣性之核心價值，讓台灣成為全球蝴蝶蘭品種研發與種苗供應中心，有計畫地引領品種流行趨勢，形塑台灣蝴蝶蘭的國家品牌。 Due to the plenty bio-diversity of orchid germplasm resources in Taiwan, allowed breeders putting their efforts to create and release more than hundreds of new Phalaenopsis varieties in one year. The active breeding works resulted in a well-known Taiwan Phalaenopsis industry in the world. However, some of the so-called core varieties or important commercialized varieties lost as the time pass without any preservation. Otherwise, the domestic breeders mostly kept their varieties with small production scale and had not enough ability to deal with the long-term application process of variety rights resulting in selling their varieties at a low price in the trading market. Thus, if we want to maintain the previous leadership of Taiwan orchid breeding in Phalaenopsis industry in the world, we should set up orchid varieties management platform or establish a legal institution to handle variety trading management service which integrated the variety preservation, consignment, in view of the acquisition price, trying cultivation, display, marketing, intellectual property layout, infringement processing and information services, and other services in one. This will assist breeders to keep the core values of new varieties in Phalaenopsis industry in Taiwan, so that can let Taiwan become the world's developing and supplying centerof newPhalaenopsis varieties. At that time, we can afford to Taiwan Phalaenopsis country brand

Screening model of plant extracts for control of cruciferous vegetable anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum higginsianum

本研究蒐集29科57種植物材料，分別以酒精及水萃取兩種方式製成114種植物萃取液，以100倍稀釋液直接噴施於白菜植株上，測試其對十字花科蔬菜炭疽病（由Colletotrichum higginsianum引起）的防病效果，再取具有防病效果的44種植物萃取液，其中24種為酒精萃取液，20種為水萃取液，測試在培養基上的抑菌能力，發現其中31種萃取液具有抑菌效果，而12種萃取液不具抑菌效果，且全為水萃取液，推測後者具有誘導植物產生抗病性的能力。進一步將萃取液稀釋後分別測試其抑菌能力，結果顯示，以酒精萃取之生薑100倍，鼠尾草、樟葉及防風200倍，迷迭香、檳榔及大黃800倍等稀釋液均能完全抑制炭疽病菌孢子發芽與附著器之形成；另外，以酒精萃取的迷迭香200倍及大黃400倍，以及以水萃取無直接抑菌效果的檳榔100倍及生薑200倍等稀釋液具明顯抑制白菜炭疽病發生的效果。本研究證明先以植物體接種方式篩選植物萃取物，再分析具抑病效果之萃取物的抑菌能力，不但可獲得具抑菌能力之萃取物，而且可獲取具誘導抗病性之植物萃取物。 Fifty-seven plant materials including Chinese medicinal herbs and aromatic herbs extracted by ethanol and water were evaluated for their suppression of disease severity and lesion number of cruciferous vegetable anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum higginsianum PA- 01. Each plant extract was diluted into 100-fold extract solution with distilled water and sprayed on the leaf surface of Pak-choi, one kind of cruciferous vegetables, then the spore suspension with 105 spore/ml of anthracnose pathogen PA-01 was inoculated on the extract-treated plants. Total 44 of 114 plant extracts showed an effective disease inhibition. Among 44 plant extracts including 24 ethanol extracts and 20 water extracts, 31 of them with 100-fold dilution showed strong inhibition ability on spore germination of C. higginsianum PA-01, but not for other 12 water extracts. Those water extracts showing an ability of anthracnose disease inhibition but not for spore germination inhibition were presumed to have the ability to induce disease resistance. The plant extracts with strong inhibitory effect of spore germination were further tested for their inhibition concentration. Data showed that the ethanol extracts of 100-fold-diluted ginger, 200-fold-diluted sage, camphor leaf, and Saposhnikoviae Radix, 800-fold-diluted rosemary, areca nut, and Rhei Rhizoma completely inhibited spore germination and appressorial formation of C. higginsianum PA-01. In addition, the ethanol extracts of 200-fold-diluted rosemary, and 400-fold-diluted Rhei Rhizoma, as well as the water extracts of 100-fold-diluted areca nut, and 200-fold-diluted ginger showed the effective suppression of anthracnose disease. In this study, it was proved that the screening model for selection of potential plant extracts with plant inoculation method first, then analyzed the antifungal activity of the extracts with disease inhibitory effect was not missed the plant extracts with an ability to induce disease resistance