1,527 research outputs found
Thermal and Structural Analysis of Helicopter Transmission Housings Using NASTRAN
The application of NASTRAN to improve the design of helicopter transmission housings is described. A finite element model of the complete forward rotor transmission housing for the Boeing Vertol CH-47C helicopter was used to study thermal distortion and stress, stress and deflection due to static and dynamic loads, load paths, and design optimization by the control of structural energy distribution. The analytical results are correlated with test data and used to reduce weight and to improve strength, service life, failsafety, and reliability. The techniques presented, although applied herein to helicopter transmissions, are sufficiently general to be applicable to any power transmission system
Use of extended and prepared reference objects in experimental Fourier transform X-ray holography
The use of one or more gold nanoballs as reference objects for Fourier
Transform holography (FTH) is analysed using experimental soft X-ray
diffraction from objects consisting of separated clusters of these balls. The
holograms are deconvoluted against ball reference objects to invert to images,
in combination with a Wiener filter to control noise. A resolution of ~30nm,
smaller than one ball, is obtained even if a large cluster of balls is used as
the reference, giving the best resolution yet obtained by X-ray FTH. Methods of
dealing with missing data due to a beamstop are discussed. Practical prepared
objects which satisfy the FTH condition are suggested, and methods of forming
them described.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Applied Physics Letter
Dose, exposure time, and resolution in Serial X-ray Crystallography
The resolution of X-ray diffraction microscopy is limited by the maximum dose
that can be delivered prior to sample damage. In the proposed Serial
Crystallography method, the damage problem is addressed by distributing the
total dose over many identical hydrated macromolecules running continuously in
a single-file train across a continuous X-ray beam, and resolution is then
limited only by the available molecular and X-ray fluxes and molecular
alignment. Orientation of the diffracting molecules is achieved by laser
alignment. We evaluate the incident X-ray fluence (energy/area) required to
obtain a given resolution from (1) an analytical model, giving the count rate
at the maximum scattering angle for a model protein, (2) explicit simulation of
diffraction patterns for a GroEL-GroES protein complex, and (3) the frequency
cut off of the transfer function following iterative solution of the phase
problem, and reconstruction of an electron density map in the projection
approximation. These calculations include counting shot noise and multiple
starts of the phasing algorithm. The results indicate counting time and the
number of proteins needed within the beam at any instant for a given resolution
and X-ray flux. We confirm an inverse fourth power dependence of exposure time
on resolution, with important implications for all coherent X-ray imaging. We
find that multiple single-file protein beams will be needed for sub-nanometer
resolution on current third generation synchrotrons, but not on fourth
generation designs, where reconstruction of secondary protein structure at a
resolution of 0.7 nm should be possible with short exposures.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl
Federating distributed clinical data for the prediction of adverse hypotensive events
The ability to predict adverse hypotensive events, where a patient's arterial blood pressure drops to abnormally low (and dangerous) levels, would be of major benefit to the fields of primary and secondary health care, and especially to the traumatic brain injury domain. A wealth of data exist in health care systems providing information on the major health indicators of patients in hospitals (blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, etc.). It is believed that if enough of these data could be drawn together and analysed in a systematic way, then a system could be built that will trigger an alarm predicting the onset of a hypotensive event over a useful time scale, e.g. half an hour in advance. In such circumstances, avoidance measures can be taken to prevent such events arising. This is the basis for the Avert-IT project (http://www.avert-it.org), a collaborative EU-funded project involving the construction of a hypotension alarm system exploiting Bayesian neural networks using techniques of data federation to bring together the relevant information for study and system development
Phasing diffuse scattering. Application of the SIR2002 algorithm to the non-crystallographic phase problem
A new phasing algorithm has been used to determine the phases of diffuse
elastic X-ray scattering from a non-periodic array of gold balls of 50 nm
diameter. Two-dimensional real-space images, showing the charge-density
distribution of the balls, have been reconstructed at 50 nm resolution from
transmission diffraction patterns recorded at 550 eV energy. The reconstructed
image fits well with scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the same
sample. The algorithm, which uses only the density modification portion of the
SIR2002 program, is compared with the results obtained via the
Gerchberg-Saxton-Fienup HIO algorithm. In this way the relationship between
density modification in crystallography and the HiO algorithm used in signal
and image processing is elucidated.Comment: 7 pages, 12 figure
Water impacts and water-climate goal conflicts of local energy choices â notes from a Swedish perspective
To meet both the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), nations, sectors, counties and cities need to move
towards a sustainable energy system in the next couple of decades. Such
energy system transformations will impact water resources to varying extents,
depending on the transformation strategy and fuel choices. Sweden is
considered to be one of the most advanced countries towards meeting the SDGs.
This paper explores the geographical origin of and the current water use
associated with the supply of energy in the 21 regional counties of Sweden.
These energy-related uses of water represent indirect, but still relevant,
impacts for water management and the related SDG on clean water and
sanitation (SDG 6). These indirect water impacts are here quantified and
compared to reported quantifications of direct local water use, as well as to
reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as one example of other types of
environmental impacts of local energy choices in each county. For each
county, an accounting model is set up based on data for the local energy use
in year 2010, and the specific geographical origins and water use associated
with these locally used energy carriers (fuels, heat and electricity) are
further estimated and mapped based on data reported in the literature and
open databases. Results show that most of the water use associated with the
local Swedish energy use occurs outside of Sweden. Counties with large shares
of liquid biofuel exhibit the largest associated indirect water use in
regions outside of Sweden. This indirect water use for energy supply does not
unambiguously correlate with either the local direct water use or the local
GHG emissions, although for the latter, there is a tendency towards an
inverse relation. Overall, the results imply that actions for mitigation of
climate change by local energy choices may significantly affect water
resources elsewhere. Swedish counties are thus important examples of
localities with large geographic zones of water influence due to their local
energy choices, which may compromise water security and the possibility to
meet water-related global goals in other world regions
Consumer credit information systems: A critical review of the literature. Too little attention paid by lawyers?
This paper reviews the existing literature on consumer credit reporting, the most extensively used instrument to overcome information asymmetry and adverse selection problems in credit markets. Despite the copious literature in economics and some research in regulatory policy, the legal community has paid almost no attention to the legal framework of consumer credit information systems, especially within the context of the European Union. Studies on the topic, however, seem particularly relevant in view of the establishment of a single market for consumer credit. This article ultimately calls for further legal research to address consumer protection concerns and inform future legislation
Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility
Reef-building corals are at risk of extinction from ocean warming. While some corals can enhance their thermal limits by associating with dinoflagellate photosymbionts of superior stress tolerance, the extent to which symbiont communities will reorganize under increased warming pressure remains unclear. Here we show that corals in the hottest reefs in the world in the Persian Gulf maintain associations with the same symbionts across 1.5 years despite extreme seasonal warming and acute heat stress (â„35°C). Persian Gulf corals predominantly associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and most also hosted Symbiodinium (clade A) and/or Durusdinium (clade D). This is in contrast to the neighbouring and milder Oman Sea, where corals associated with Durusdinium and only a minority hosted background levels of Cladocopium. During acute heat stress, the higher prevalence of Symbiodinium and Durusdinium in bleached versus nonbleached Persian Gulf corals indicates that genotypes of these background genera did not confer bleaching resistance. Within symbiont genera, the majority of ITS2 rDNA type profiles were unique to their respective coral species, confirming the existence of host-specific symbiont lineages. Notably, further differentiation among Persian Gulf sites demonstrates that symbiont populations are either isolated or specialized over tens to hundreds of kilometres. Thermal tolerance across coral species was associated with the prevalence of a single ITS2 intragenomic sequence variant (C3gulf), definitive of the Cladocopium thermophilum group. The abundance of C3gulf was highest in bleaching-resistant corals and at warmer sites, potentially indicating a specific symbiont genotype (or set of genotypes) that may play a role in thermal tolerance that warrants further investigation. Together, our findings indicate that co-evolution of hostâSymbiodiniaceae partnerships favours fidelity rather than flexibility in extreme environments and under future warming
Indigenous family violence : an attempt to understand the problems and inform appropriate and effective responses to criminal justice system intervention
Whilst high levels of concern about the prevalence of family violence within Indigenous communities have long been expressed, progress in the development of evidence-based intervention programs for known perpetrators has been slow. This review of the literature aims to provide a resource for practitioners who work in this area, and a framework from within which culturally specific violence prevention programs can be developed and delivered. It is suggested that effective responses to Indigenous family violence need to be informed by culturally informed models of violence, and that significant work is needed to develop interventions that successfully manage the risk of perpetrators of family violence committing further offences.<br /
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