Ramy prawne referendum w irańskim kontekście konstytucyjnym

In democratic regimes, the participation of citizens in the enforcement of political power constitutes the keystone of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Allowing and valuing the popular will in the political management of a country is necessary for the continuation of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Hence, political systems are still exploring the methods of establishing direct democracy in parallel to representative democracy. Referendum is a form of establishing direct democracy that is based on public votes on political and legal affairs. The legal organization of different kinds of direct democracy is explained in the constitutions. Among the methods of direct democracy, only referendums on the amendment of the constitution, political referendums, and legislative referendums have been recognized in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although a referendum on the establishment of the Islamic Republic political system and a referendum on the amendment of the Constitution have been held in the legal history of Iran, no legislative referendum has been conducted so far. Senior state officials may propose a referendum and referendums can be held on special and critically important occasions. Regarding the theocratic nature of the Iranian political system, the validity of referendums is contingent upon non-contradiction between the subject of the referendum and the principles of Islamic law. This article explores the legal dimensions of conducting referendums in the Iranian constitutional context with a descriptive-analytical approach.W reżimach demokratycznych udział obywateli w egzekwowaniu władzy politycznej stanowi podstawę suwerenności. Zezwolenie i docenienie woli ludu w politycznym zarządzaniu krajem jest konieczne dla utrzymania legitymacji suwerenności. Dlatego systemy polityczne wciąż badają metody ustanowienia demokracji bezpośredniej równolegle z demokracją przedstawicielską. Referendum jest formą ustanowienia demokracji bezpośredniej opartej na głosowaniu publicznym w sprawach politycznych i prawnych. Prawna organizacja różnych rodzajów demokracji bezpośredniej jest wyjaśniona w konstytucjach. Wśród metod demokracji bezpośredniej tylko referenda w sprawie zmiany konstytucji, referendum polityczne i referendum legislacyjne zostały uznane w Konstytucji Islamskiej Republiki Iranu. Chociaż w prawnej historii Iranu odbyło się referendum w sprawie ustanowienia systemu politycznego Republiki Islamskiej i referendum w sprawie zmiany Konstytucji, jak dotąd nie przeprowadzono referendum legislacyjnego. Wyżsi urzędnicy państwowi mogą zaproponować referendum, a referenda mogą odbywać się w wyjątkowych i niezwykle ważnych sytuacjach. Jeśli chodzi o teokratyczny charakter irańskiego systemu politycznego, ważność referendum zależy od braku sprzeczności między przedmiotem referendum a zasadami prawa islamskiego. W tym artykule zbadano prawne wymiary przeprowadzania referendów w irańskim kontekście konstytucyjnym, stosując podejście opisowo-analityczne

Adhesive joint modeling using compatible element formulation

The use of structural adhesives in automotive structures has been increased recently for their role in noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). Therefore, the dynamic behavior of structures containing bonded joints has become an area with numerous investigations over the past decades. Development of accurate formulations capable of representing adhesively bonded joint dynamics is a step forward in constructing the numerical models for one of the most useful kinds of joints in industry. Analysis of the adhesive layer between the two parts requires special assumptions which leads to using nonlinear and three dimensional models. Obtaining shape functions for an adhesive element by using finite element (F.E.) theory is a complicated and difficult task to do. The complexity is increased when it is assumed that the adhesive element is compatible with the plate element. In this paper, a new finite element formulation is developed for the adhesive layer which does not rely on shape functions and is compatible with the plate element. The accuracy of the proposed element is evaluated by using numerical and experimental results.</span

Comparative Study of the Scope of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Constitution: From Written to Unwritten Document

Although it seems that the written document of the constitution regulates and controls the existing constitutional order in the written constitution countries, the reality is that "politics in progress" and existing political transactions are not only not fully under the control of the written document of the constitution, but even in some cases, politics has prevailed over rights and determines the way and direction of the implementation of legal norms. As a result, focusing on the form and format of the Constitution should not prevent the examination of the content and political realities in society. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method and by studying the opinions of the Guardian Council and other available sources, seeks to answer the question that, does Iran's constitutional law function fully according to the written constitution? This study also tries to discover more about the legal or political nature of the basic order in Iran. The result of the research indicates that in Iran’s system of constitutional rights, unwritten and interpretable components link the written text of the constitution with some unwritten areas. On credit, Iran’s constitution is neither completely legal nor completely political, and has both written and unwritten aspects, and the opinions of the Guardian Council are a window to understand them

Ant colony optimization for vehicle traffic systems: applications and challenges

Ant-based algorithms simulate the cooperative behaviour of real ants in finding food resources. A significant number of studies have focused on the self-organised behaviour of ants in the natural environment to develop effective systems for dynamic problems. Ant-based systems have special properties such as scalability, adaptability, and dynamicity, which are the main requirements for solving vehicle traffic congestion problem. Thus, ant-based algorithms are now being adopted by vehicle traffic systems VTSs to guide vehicles to less congested paths. However, literature shows that comprehensive reviews are lacking in this field. The main contribution of this paper is the review and classification of the most relevant systems based on novel taxonomy. A survey that includes statistical analyses on ant-based VTS was conducted to identify the limitations and evaluation process of VTS. This paper concludes by proposing a general framework in applying ant colony optimisation to VTS

Météorologie et qualité de l'air dans une grande ville : application sur Téhéran, Iran

The influence of a mega-city on the atmospheric boundary layer and surface conditions was examined in the complex-terrain, semi-arid Tehran region using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) during a high pollution period. In addition, model sensitivity studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of the urban canopy and urban soil model "SM2-U (3D)" parameterization on the meteorological fields and ground level air pollutant concentrations in this area. The topographic flows and urban effects were found to play important roles in modulating the wind and temperature fields, and the urbanized areas exerted important local effects on the boundary layer meteorology. An emission inventory of air pollutants and an inventory of heat generation were developed and updated for 2005 in this work. Emissions from on-road motor vehicles constitute a major portion of the emission inventory and play the most important role in terms of contributions of air pollutants to the atmosphere in Tehran. By using a detailed methodology, we calculated spatial and temporal distributions of the anthropogenic heat flux (Qf) for Tehran during 2005. Wintertime Qf is larger than summertime Qf, which reflects the importance of heating emissions from buildings and traffic during cold and warm period respectively. Different urban parameterizations were used as a tool to investigate the modifications induced by the presence of an urban area in the area of interest. It was found that, for local meteorological simulations, the drag-force approach coupled with an urban soil model (DA-SM2-U) is preferable to the roughness approach (RA-SLAB). The comparisons indicated that the most important features of the wind, temperature and turbulent fields in urban areas are well reproduced by the DA-SM2-U configuration with the anthropogenic heat flux being taken into account (i.e., "DA-SM2-U Qf: On" option). This modeling option showed that the suburban part of the city is dominated by topographic flows whereas the center and south of Tehran are more affected by urban heat island (UHI) forcing especially during the night. The chemical transport modeling, including a model sensitivity study, was used to investigate the impact of the different urban parameterization on the dispersion and formation of pollutants over the Tehran region. Results show that applying DA approaches leads to significant improvements in the simulated spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutant concentrations in the city area and affects significantly the size of the urban plumes

Source fingerprinting loess deposits in Central Asia using elemental geochemistry with Bayesian and GLUE models

The provenance of loess deposits in Central Asia is largely unexplored. Accordingly, the goals of this research were to test and compare the performance of two different models (generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation - GLUE and a Bayesian model) for quantifying the uncertainty in source apportionment estimated for 46 target loess samples collected in the Ili basin, in eastern Central Asia. Model performance was evaluated using goodness-of-fit (GOF), mean absolute fit (MAF) and virtual mixtures (VM) in combination with root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Our dataset comprised 132 surficial samples collected from three potential sources comprising river alluvium (n = 29), sand dunes (n = 35) and topsoils (n = 68). All samples were analysed for elemental geochemistry. Six geochemical properties (Co, Er, Y, Ga, Dy and Pb) were selected in a composite fingerprint which classified 83% of the samples from the three source categories correctly. Based on both models, source contributions to the loess samples were in the following order: topsoils > river alluvium > sand dunes. Based on the GOF and MAF tests, both models were accurate in predicting measured tracer concentrations in the loess samples. The Bayesian model was slightly more accurate (mean RMSE 1.6%, mean MAE 1.8%) than the GLUE (mean RMSE 5.0%, mean MAE 4.7%) model in predicting known source contributions. Overall, our results provide confirmation that application of source fingerprinting with elemental geochemistry and uncertainty modelling techniques is useful for identifying the provenance of loess sediments in arid and desert environments

Integrated modelling for mapping spatial sources of dust in central Asia-An important dust source in the global atmospheric system

Spatial mapping of dust sources in arid and semi-arid regions is necessary to mitigate on-site and off-site impacts. In this study, we apply a novel integrated modelling approach including leave one feature out (LOFO) - as a technique for feature selection -, deep learning (DL) models (gcForest and bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM)), game theory (GT) and a Gaussian copula-based multivariate (GCBM) model for mapping dust sources in Central Asia (CA). Eight factors (precipitation, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, wind speed, slope, silt content, lithology and coarse fragment content) were selected by LOFO as effective for controlling dust emissions, and were used in the novel modelling process. Six statistical indicators were utilized to assess the performance of the two DL models and a hybrid copula-gcForest model, while a sensitivity analysis of the models was also carried out. The hybrid copula-gcForest model was identified as the most accurate, predicting that 16%, 7.1%, 9.5% and 67.4% of the study area is grouped at low, moderate, high and very high susceptibility classes for dust emissions, respectively. Based on permutation feature importance measure (PFIM) and Shapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP), bulk density, precipitation and coarse fragment content were evaluated as the three most important factors with the highest contributions to the predictive model output. The study area suffers from intense wind erosion and the generated spatial maps of dust sources may be helpful for mitigating and controlling dust phenomena in CA