From Quantified CTL to QBF

QCTL extends the temporal logic CTL with quantifications over atomic propositions. This extension is known to be very expressive: QCTL allows us to express complex properties over Kripke structures (it is as expressive as MSO). Several semantics exist for the quantifications: here, we work with the structure semantics, where the extra propositions label the Kripke structure (and not its execution tree), and the model-checking problem is known to be PSPACE-complete in this framework. We propose a model-checking algorithm for QCTL based on a reduction to QBF. We consider several reduction strategies, and we compare them with a prototype (based on the SMT-solver Z3) on several examples

Understanding the Legal Landscape of Discrimination Against Muslim Students in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools: A Guide for Lawyers

Intermediary organisations constructed as a link between public service providers and business entrepreneurs is a phenomena which we know very little of. Given the difficulty of relating concrete effects to investments made in business support ventures, we need to know more about the specific arguments behind this organisational construction. When deconstructing the arguments behind one particular venture, several lines of reasoning unfold, revealing motives founded on miscellaneous legitimating elements. The analysis reveals a situation where striving for legitimacy is sometimes more important than actual results and where the private entrepreneur is both the target and the role model

Islamization of Monetary Policy of 27 OIC Muslim Countries in Asia: the Successes, the Barriers and the Future Directions

The Islamization of banking, monetary policy, and the financial system began in 1975 after the setup of the Islamic development bank (IDB). Firstly, this paper discusses a concise framework of Islamic monetary policy. Then it presents the success and obstacles of the Islamization process of the monetary policy among the 27 OIC member Muslim countries in Asia and provides future directions to enhance the Islamization process. This paper employed secondary data and used the three criteria to measure the Islamization process: 1) Islamization of commercial banking; 2) making Islamic banking guidelines & regulations; 3) innovation and starting the Islamic monetary policy instruments. This paper finds that more than 154 Islamic commercial banks are operating under the Conventional monetary policy in 23 countries with very few Islamic monetary tools. On the contrary, Iran follows full-pledged Islamic monetary policy with 30 Islamic commercial banks. More precisely, in these countries, only 17% of total banks are Islamic bank, whereas 83% are still interest-based banks. Regrettably, two countries (Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) do not have any tools of Islamic monetary policy. This paper also finds that though 64% of Islamic banks were established during 1970-2000 periods in 27 countries, only 25% of countries prepared Islamic banking regulation at this period. On the other hand, 75% of Islamic banking regulations were made during 2000-2015 periods. Most common Islamic monetary instruments are project-based Sukuk, project-based debt instruments, etc. Finally, this paper recommends six steps to enhance the Islamization process

Primordial Density Perturbation in Effective Loop Quantum Cosmology

It is widely believed that quantum field fluctuation in an inflating background creates the primeval seed perturbation which through subsequent evolution leads to the observed large scale structure of the universe. The standard inflationary scenario produces scale invariant power spectrum quite generically but it produces, unless fine tuned, too large amplitude for the primordial density perturbation than observed. Using similar techniques it is shown that loop quantum cosmology induced inflationary scenario can produce scale invariant power spectrum as well as small amplitude for the primordial density perturbation without fine tuning. Further its power spectrum has a qualitatively distinct feature which is in principle falsifiable by observation and can distinguish it from the standard inflationary scenario.Comment: 33 pages, revtex4, few typos and a confusing notation changed; several clarifications, references added, to appear in CQ

Charged Particles' Tunneling from Hot-NUT-Kerr-Newman-Kasuya Spacetime

We study the Hawking radiation as charged particles' tunneling across the horizons of the Hot-NUT-Kerr-Newman-Kasuya spacetime by considering the spacetime background as dynamical and incorporating the self-gravitation effect of the emitted particles when the energy conservation, the angular momentum conservation, and the electric charge conservation are taken into account. Our result shows that the tunneling rate is related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the radiant spectrum is not pure thermal, but is consistent with an underlying unitary theory. The emission process is a reversible one, and the information is preserved as a natural result of the first law of black hole thermodynamics.Comment: To appear in: Int. J. Theor. Phy

Semiconducting graphene nanoribbon retains band gap on amorphous or crystalline SiO_2

Electronic properties of a semiconducting armchair graphene nanoribbon on SiO_2 are examined using first-principles calculations and taking into account the van der Waals interaction. Unlike semiconducting carbon nanotubes, which exhibit variations in band gap on SiO_2, the nanoribbon is found to retain its band gap on SiO_2, regardless of the separation distance or the dielectric’s surface type—crystalline or amorphous. The interfacial interaction leads to electron-transfer from the nanoribbon to the dielectric. Moreover, for crystalline SiO_2, the quantity of electron-transfer and the binding energy depend strongly on the type of surface termination and weakly on the binding sites