Macroscale and Microscale Fabric Analysis of Allende

No abstract available

Role of radiotherapy in Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Radiotherapy is a well-established element in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. An analysis of the literature in the database PubMed on the development and importance of radiotherapy within the framework of treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma was performed. Over the last century radiotherapy has been shown to be the most effective single modality in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. In the beginning extended field radiotherapy (EF-RT) was commonly used and induced remission rates of 90 % in early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, further improvement of freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) could only be achieved through the addition of polychemotherapy. This multimodal treatment concept has been rigorously tested over many generations in clinical trials leading to continuous reduction in the radiation dose and target volume with the same or better efficiency. More recent studies focused on reducing therapy-associated side effects especially in young patients who have an excellent long-term prognosis, by attempting to stratify treatment with possible reduction in therapy intensity. In the era of personalized medicine, treatment regimes will focus on targeted systemic therapy but will still rely on highly effective consolidating radiotherapy (combined modality)

Apatite : a new redox proxy for silicic magmas?

The oxidation states of magmas provide valuable information about the release and speciation of volatile elements during volcanic eruptions, metallogenesis, source rock compositions, open system magmatic processes, tectonic settings and potentially titanium (Ti) activity in chemical systems used for Ti-dependent geothermometers and geobarometers. In this paper we explore the use of Mn in apatite as an oxybarometer in intermediate and silicic igneous rocks. Increased Mn concentrations in apatite in granitic rocks from the zoned Criffell granitic pluton (southern Scotland) correlate with decreasing Fe2O3 (Fe3+) and Mn in the whole-rock and likely reflect increased Mn2+/Mn3+ and greater compatibility of Mn2+ relative to Mn3+ in apatite under reduced conditions. Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios in biotites have previously been used to calculate oxygen fugacities (fO2) in the outer zone granodiorites and inner zone granites where redox conditions have been shown to change from close to the magnetite-hematite buffer to close to the nickel-nickel oxide buffer respectively ( Stephens et al., 1985). This trend is apparent in apatite Mn concentrations from a range of intermediate to silicic volcanic rocks that exhibit varying redox states and are shown to vary linearly and negatively with log fO2, such that logfO2=-0.0022(±0.0003)Mn(ppm)-9.75(±0.46)logfO2=-0.0022(±0.0003)Mn(ppm)-9.75(±0.46) Variations in the Mn concentration of apatites appear to be largely independent of differences in the Mn concentration of the melt. Apatite Mn concentrations may therefore provide an independent oxybarometer that is amenable to experimental calibration, with major relevance to studies on detrital mineral suites, particularly those containing a record of early Earth redox conditions, and on the climatic impact of historic volcanic eruptions