In situ synchrotron radiation diffraction investigation of the compression behaviour at 350 °C of ZK40 alloys with addition of CaO and Y

The evolution of the microstructure during compression is investigated with in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction in as-cast ZK40, ZK40-2CaO and ZK40-1Y Mg alloys. The specimens were compressed at 350 °C with a strain rate of 10−3 s−1 until 30% deformation. The Y containing alloy showed the highest 0.2% proof strength in compression of 35 MPa at 350 °C which is double that of the ZK40 alloy, while the CaO added alloy shows a moderate increment at 23 MPa. The Y containing alloy shows some work hardening, while the CaO modified and the ZK40 alloys do not show work hardening after yield. Synchrotron radiation diffraction timelines show that continuous and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization occurs during deformation of the ZK40 alloy while a small amount of dynamic recrystallization was observed in the ZK40-1Y alloy. However, dynamic recrystallization was not present in the ZK40-2CaO alloy. SEM-EBSD analysis conducted on the deformed samples shows a significantly high volume fraction of twins in the Y and CaO containing alloys which was absent in the ZK40 alloy. The modified deformation behaviours observed in the CaO and Y containing alloys were attributed to the presence of intermetallic particles found at the grain boundaries and to the role of Ca and Y in stabilising twinning.The authors acknowledge the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchro-tron for the provision of facilities within the framework of proposal I-20130434.RHBacknowledgesUniversityofSãoPaulofor granting the fellowship 'Bolsa Empreendedorismo'

An interactive channel model of the Basal Ganglia: bifurcation analysis under healthy and parkinsonian conditions.

Oscillations in the basal ganglia are an active area of research and have been shown to relate to the hypokinetic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. We study oscillations in a multi-channel mean field model, where each channel consists of an interconnected pair of subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus sub-populations.To study how the channels interact, we perform two-dimensional bifurcation analysis of a model of an individual channel, which reveals the critical boundaries in parameter space that separate different dynamical modes; these modes include steady-state, oscillatory, and bi-stable behaviour. Without self-excitation in the subthalamic nucleus a single channel cannot generate oscillations, yet there is little experimental evidence for such self-excitation. Our results show that the interactive channel model with coupling via pallidal sub-populations demonstrates robust oscillatory behaviour without subthalamic self-excitation, provided the coupling is sufficiently strong. We study the model under healthy and Parkinsonian conditions and demonstrate that it exhibits oscillations for a much wider range of parameters in the Parkinsonian case. In the discussion, we show how our results compare with experimental findings and discuss their possible physiological interpretation. For example, experiments have found that increased lateral coupling in the rat basal ganglia is correlated with oscillations under Parkinsonian conditions

Feedback on audit and action planning for dental caries control : a qualitative study to investigate the acceptability among interdisciplinary pediatric dental care teams

Introduction: American Indian and Alaska Native children suffer from the poorest oral health of all populational groups in the United States. Evidence-based practices (EBP) for caries control are well established, but systematically implementing such practices have proven difficult. Audit and feedback with goal setting, and action planning to implement these EBPs have not been tested or adapted for Alaska Native healthcare settings. The aim of this study was to investigate acceptability and perceived feasibility of an audit and feedback intervention for pediatric dental caries control among dental providers and patient stakeholders. Methods: The pilot program was implemented in two dental clinics from a tribal healthcare consortium in Alaska. Key-informant interviews were conducted to investigate the contextual, organizational, and behavioral facilitators and barriers to the implementation and expansion of the program. Interview transcripts were analyzed by two researchers using thematic analysis. Results: Eight key informants were interviewed twice (during and after the intervention period), and one once, for a total of 17 interviews. Patient stakeholders were not interviewed due to COVID-19 pandemic clinic closures and social isolation mandates. Three principal themes emerged: a positive organizational climate and culture fostered the acceptability of the program, the positive impacts of the program observed in the pediatric dental teams and the organization, and the challenges to implement the program including understanding the data reports, trusting the accuracy of the data, and competing priorities. Conclusions: The intervention of audit and feedback with goal setting and action planning was well accepted and perceived as feasible by the study participants given the financial and human resources provided by the research project. This qualitative study can inform the design and evaluation of process-oriented implementation strategies geared towards decreasing health inequities and improving health outcomes, such as dental caries in American Indian and Alaska Native children and adolescents

Evacuation decisions in a chemical air pollution incident: cross sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the health outcomes in sheltered and evacuated populations after a chemical incident in a plastics factory. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. SETTING: Urban area in southwest England. PARTICIPANTS: 1750 residents from the area exposed to the chemical smoke, of which 472 were evacuated and the remaining 1278 were advised to shelter indoors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Number of adverse health symptoms. A case was defined by the presence of four or more symptoms. MAIN RESULTS: 1096 residents (63%; 299 evacuated, 797 sheltered) provided data for analyses. The mean symptom score and proportion of cases were higher in evacuated people than in the sheltered population (evacuated: symptom score 1.9, cases 19.7% (n = 59); sheltered: symptom score 1.0, cases 9.5% (n = 76); P < 0.001 for both). The difference between the two groups attenuated markedly at the end of two weeks from the start of the incident. The two main modifiable risk factors for the odds of becoming a case were evacuation (odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.7 to 3.8) and direct exposure to smoke for more than two hours on the first day of the incident (2.0, 1.7 to 2.3). The distance of residence from the factory or level of exposure before intervention (first six hours) had little effect on the odds of a person becoming a case. CONCLUSIONS: Sheltering may have been a better protective action than evacuation in this chemical incident, which is consistent with the prevailing expert view. Although this study has limitations, it is based on a real event. Evacuations carry their own risks and resource implications; increased awareness may help to reduce unnecessary evacuations in the future

Interactions of CaO with pure Mg and Mg-Ca alloys—an in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction study

Data availability statement: The data cannot be made publicly available upon publication because no suitable repository exists for hosting data in this field of study. The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the authors.CaO additions are used as an inexpensive replacement for Ca in Mg alloys. CaO dissociation in Mg has been reported in literature without a clear mechanism as to why this occurs. In situ synchrotron radiation diffraction investigation of the melting and solidification of Mg with CaO shows, that the stability of CaO was overestimated in Mg melts compared with MgO. The experiments that were performed on the Mg-20CaO and Mg-xCa-6CaO (x = 6 and 16 wt.%) alloys, show the dissociation and formation of various phases during melting and solidification. The results indicate that Mg can reduce CaO even in the solid state, which is the opposite of that proposed by the Ellingham diagrams for stoichiometric reaction. Phase formations during the in situ experiment are compared with published thermodynamic calculations for the interaction between Mg-Ca alloys and oxides.The authors acknowledge the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg, Germany, for the provision of synchrotron radiation facilities within the framework of the proposal I-20130330 and the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) for funding the project MagHyM (20K1107B)

Model-Informed Risk Assessment and Decision Making for an Emerging Infectious Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region

Background: Effective response to emerging infectious disease (EID) threats relies on health care systems that can detect and contain localised outbreaks before they reach a national or international scale. The Asia-Pacific region contains low and middle income countries in which the risk of EID outbreaks is elevated and whose health care systems may require international support to effectively detect and respond to such events. The absence of comprehensive data on populations, health care systems and disease characteristics in this region makes risk assessment and decisions about the provision of such support challenging.\ud \ud Methodology/principal findings: We describe a mathematical modelling framework that can inform this process by integrating available data sources, systematically explore the effects of uncertainty, and provide estimates of outbreak risk under a range of intervention scenarios. We illustrate the use of this framework in the context of a potential importation of Ebola Virus Disease into the Asia-Pacific region. Results suggest that, across a wide range of plausible scenarios, preemptive interventions supporting the timely detection of early cases provide substantially greater reductions in the probability of large outbreaks than interventions that support health care system capacity after an outbreak has commenced.\ud \ud Conclusions/significance: Our study demonstrates how, in the presence of substantial uncertainty about health care system infrastructure and other relevant aspects of disease control, mathematical models can be used to assess the constraints that limited resources place upon the ability of local health care systems to detect and respond to EID outbreaks in a timely and effective fashion. Our framework can help evaluate the relative impact of these constraints to identify resourcing priorities for health care system support, in order to inform principled and quantifiable decision making

Phase formation during solidification of Mg-Nd-Zn alloys: An in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction study

Mg-4Nd base alloys with Zn additions of 3, 5 and 8 wt % were investigated with in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction during solidification. This method enabled the investigation of phase formation and transformation in the alloys. The diffraction results were supported with TEM observations on the as-solidified samples. The results show the effect of increased Zn addition on stabilizing the Mg3RE phase (RE—rare earth). The experimental results agree only partially with the theoretical calculations indicating the need to improve the existing thermodynamic database on the alloy syste

Shear-induced pressure changes and seepage phenomena in a deforming porous layer-I

We present a model for flow and seepage in a deforming, shear-dilatant sensitive porous layer that enables estimates of the excess pore fluid pressures and flow rates in both the melt and solid phase to be captured simultaneously as a function of stress rate. Calculations are relevant to crystallizing magma in the solidosity range 0.5–0.8 (50–20 per cent melt), corresponding to a dense region within the solidification front of a crystallizing magma chamber. Composition is expressed only through the viscosity of the fluid phase, making the model generally applicable to a wide range of magma types. A natural scaling emerges that allows results to be presented in non-dimensional form. We show that all length-scales can be expressed as fractions of the layer height H, timescales as fractions of H2(nβ'θ+ 1)/(θk) and pressures as fractions of . Taking as an example the permeability k in the mush of the order of magnitude 1015 m2 Pa1 s1, a layer thickness of tens of metres and a mush strength (θ) in the range 108–1012 Pa, an estimate of the consolidation time for near-incompressible fluids is of the order of 105–109 s. Using mush permeability as a proxy, we show that the greatest maximum excess pore pressures develop consistently in rhyolitic (high-viscosity) magmas at high rates of shear ( , implying that during deformation, the mechanical behaviour of basaltic and rhyolitic magmas will differ. Transport parameters of the granular framework including tortuosity and the ratio of grain size to layer thickness (a/H) will also exert a strong effect on the mechanical behaviour of the layer at a given rate of strain. For dilatant materials under shear, flow of melt into the granular layer is implied. Reduction in excess pore pressure sucks melt into the solidification front at a velocity proportional to the strain rate. For tectonic rates (generally 1014 s1), melt upwelling (or downwelling, if the layer is on the floor of the chamber) is of the order of cm yr1. At higher rates of loading comparable with emplacement of some magmatic intrusions (1010 s1), melt velocities may exceed effects due to instabilities resulting from local changes in density and composition. Such a flow carries particulates with it, and we speculate that these may become trapped in the granular layer depending on their sizes. If on further solidification the segregated grain size distribution of the particulates is frozen in the granular layer, structure formation including layering and grading may result. Finally, as the process settles down to a steady state, the pressure does not continue to decrease. We find no evidence for critical rheological thresholds, and the process is stable until so much shear has been applied that the granular medium fails, but there is no hydraulic failure

Influence of the Soret effect on convection of binary fluids

Convection in horizontal layers of binary fluids heated from below and in particular the influence of the Soret effect on the bifurcation properties of extended stationary and traveling patterns that occur for negative Soret coupling is investigated theoretically. The fixed points corresponding to these two convection structures are determined for realistic boundary conditions with a many mode Galerkin scheme for temperature and concentration and an accurate one mode truncation of the velocity field. This solution procedure yields the stable and unstable solutions for all stationary and traveling patterns so that complete phase diagrams for the different convection types in typical binary liquid mixtures can easily be computed. Also the transition from weakly to strongly nonlinear states can be analyzed in detail. An investigation of the concentration current and of the relevance of its constituents shows the way for a simplification of the mode representation of temperature and concentration field as well as for an analytically manageable few mode description.Comment: 30 pages, 12 figure

On the influence of solution and ageing treatments on the microstructure of ZK40 alloys modified with Ca, Gd, Nd and y additions

Abstract As-cast ZK40 alloys, modified with the addition of CaO, Gd, Nd and Y were investigated. Solution heat treatments were performed based on differential thermal analysis results. The unmodified ZK40 alloy exhibited microstructure with nearly no intermetallic compound but with precipitates formed during the solution treatment. The modified ZK40 alloys exhibited a semi-dissolved network of intermetallic compounds along the grain boundaries and zones of intermetallic compounds within the grains. Interestingly, no precipitates were observed immediately next to the grain boundaries. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy line scans showed an enrichment of Zn and Zr in the regions where the precipitates are found, suggesting that they are Zn-Zr precipitates. The ageing behaviour was compared between the as-cast and the solution treated materials and it was found that apart from the ZK40-Gd, ZK40-Nd and ZK40-Y aged at 200 °C after solution treatment, there is no notable ageing response for the investigated alloys.</jats:p