Nucleolar organizer regions, satellite associations and nucleoli of goat cells (Capra hircus)

The Polish White Improved goat karyotype consists of 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a large acrocentric X chromosome and a metacentric Y chromosome which is the smallest in the karyotype. Staining of chromosomes with AgNO3 solution has revealed active nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) in terminal parts of q arms of pair 2, 3, 4, 5, and 28 chromosomes. Out of the total of 100 analysed cells 736 active NORs have been found, on average 7.4±0.2 per cell. Active NORs were most frequently observed in pair 2, and 3 chromosomes, most rarely on pair 5 chromosomes. In all the analysed cells 141, satellite associations (SA) were observed, on average 1.4±0.2 per cell. SAs most often occurred in cells with seven active NORs, and least often in cells with three or four nucleolar organizer regions. Most frequently in SAs the presence of pair 2, 3 and 28 chromosomes was observed. On meiotic chromosomes staining with AgNO3 solution revealed two nucleoli stained with different intensity. Both nucleoli in the cell were of similar size

Procjena rezultata sanitarne i veterinarske inspekcije zaklanih ovaca u Poljskoj u razdoblju 2017.-2019. godine

The aim of this study was to follow and evaluate the sanitary and veterinary inspection results of slaughtered sheep in Poland in the period 2017-2019. More than 175,000 sheep were slaughtered in Poland during this period. Post-mortem veterinary inspection revealed symptoms and/or lesions in 19,799 animals, which constituted 11.30% of all examined sheep. Of these, 134 animals (0.08%) were considered unfit for consumption. The most numerous cases were with foci of pus, contamination and congestion (5.07%) and fasciolosis (4.72%). The highest number of foci of pus, contamination and congestion in sheep carcasses were found in the Małopolskie and Podlaskie voivodeships. Most of the cases deemed unfit for consumption were found in the Podkarpackie (30), Świętokrzyskie (29) and Podlaskie (23) voivodeships, accounting for over 61% of all disqualified sheep carcasses in 2017-2019 in Poland.Cilj ove studije bio je pratiti i procijeniti rezultate sanitarne i veterinarske inspekcije zaklanih ovaca u Poljskoj u razdoblju 2017. - 2019. godine. Više od 175 000 ovaca je zaklano u Poljskoj u tom razdoblju. Obdukcijska veterinarska inspekcija otkrila je simptome i/ili lezije u 19 799 životinja, što predstavlja 11,30 % svih pregledanih ovaca. 134 zaklane životinje smatrane su neprikladnima za konzumaciju (0,08 %). Najbrojniji su bili slučajevi s gnojnim žarištima, kontaminacijom i kongestijom (5,07 %) i fasciolozom (4,72 %). Najveći broj gnojnih žarišta, kontaminacije i kongestije u lešina ovaca pronađen je u Małopolskie i Podlaskie vojvodstvima. Najviše slučajeva koji su smatrani neprikladnima za konzumaciju pronađeno je u Podkarpackie (30), Świętokrzyskie (29) i Podlaskie (23) vojvodstvima, što je predstavljalo više od 61 % svih lešina ovaca proglašenih neprikladnima za konzumaciju u razdoblju 2017.-2019. godine u Poljskoj

Wpływ różnego udziału pasz białkowych w mieszankach oraz czasu przechowywania w warunkach chłodniczych na cechy fizyczne mięsa kurcząt brojlerów

The study aimed at evaluating the effect of feeding broiler chickens with diets containing faba bean and cold storage time on the physical properties of m. pectoralis major. The study material comprised 24 muscles from chickens split into 3 feeding groups. Birds from the control group (I) were fed with compound feeds containing soybean meal as the only highprotein component, whereas the starter/grower diets administered to experimental chickens contained faba bean in the proportion 8/15% - group II and 16/22% - group III, as a partial substitute for soybean meal. No effect of the feeding method on acidity and water absorption capacity of the muscle was observed. Muscles of chickens fed with mixes with a higher share of faba bean were characterised by higher yellow saturation, colour intensity and hue in comparison to other groups. The storage time had no effect on their physical properties; a decrease was only recorded in pH24 of the evaluated muscles, which testifies to the correct course of glycolytic transformations. To sum up, it must be stated that a higher share of faba bean in chicken diets modifies muscle colour only, but cold storage time has no impact on the evaluated physical characteristics of muscles.Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu żywienia kurcząt brojlerów mieszankami zawierającymi śrutę bobikową oraz czasu przechowywania w warunkach chłodniczych na cechy fizyczne m. pectoralis major. Materiał badawczy stanowiły 24 mięśnie pochodzące od kurcząt rzeźnych z 3 grup żywieniowych. Kurczęta grupy kontrolnej (I) żywiono mieszankami, w których jedynym surowcem wysokobiałkowym była poekstrakcyjna śruta sojowa, natomiast do mieszanek starter/grower kurcząt doświadczalnych w miejsce części śruty poekstrakcyjnej sojowej wprowadzono śrutę z bobiku w udziale 8/15% - grupa II lub 16/22% - grupa III. Nie stwierdzono wpływu zastosowanego żywienia na kwasowość i wodochłonność mięśni. Większym nasyceniem barwy żółtej, intensywnością i odcieniem cechowały się mięśnie kurcząt żywionych mieszankami z wyższym udziałem bobiku w porównaniu do pozostałych grup. Czas przechowywania mięśni w warunkach chłodniczych nie miał wpływu na ich właściwości fizyczne, odnotowano jedynie spadek pH24 ocenianych mięśni, co świadczy o prawidłowym przebiegu przemian glikolitycznych. Reasumując, stwierdzić należy, że wprowadzenie wyższego udziału bobiku do mieszanek dla kurcząt modyfikuje jedynie barwę mięśni, natomiast czas przechowywania w warunkach chłodniczych pozostaje bez wpływu na oceniane cechy fizyczne mięśni

Supraphysiologic Testosterone Therapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: Models, Mechanisms and Questions

Since Huggins defined the androgen-sensitive nature of prostate cancer (PCa), suppression of systemic testosterone (T) has remained the most effective initial therapy for advanced disease although progression inevitably occurs. From the inception of clinical efforts to suppress androgen receptor (AR) signaling by reducing AR ligands, it was also recognized that administration of T in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) could result in substantial clinical responses. Data from preclinical models have reproducibly shown biphasic responses to T administration, with proliferation at low androgen concentrations and growth inhibition at supraphysiological T concentrations. Many questions regarding the biphasic response of PCa to androgen treatment remain, primarily regarding the mechanisms driving these responses and how best to exploit the biphasic phenomenon clinically. Here we review the preclinical and clinical data on high dose androgen growth repression and discuss cellular pathways and mechanisms likely to be involved in mediating this response. Although meaningful clinical responses have now been observed in men with PCa treated with high dose T, not all men respond, leading to questions regarding which tumor characteristics promote response or resistance, and highlighting the need for studies designed to determine the molecular mechanism(s) driving these responses and identify predictive biomarkers

Rynek krajowy baraniny na tle standardów Unii Europejskiej

Mutton is the only species of meat in the European Union, whose production does not cover the needs of the internal market, and it is necessary to import it. Self-sufficiency in mutton is estimated at approximately 8o%. The mutton market in the EU is a niche available for Polish producers. Lamb production in Poland in 2011 was 3.6 thousand tones. For many years Polish lamb consumption has remained at a very low level compared to the trends in other European Union countries. Therefore Polish sheep production mainly depends on foreign markets, including the possibility to export slaughter- lambs to the market of the European UnionBaranina jest jednym gatunkiem mięsa w Unii Europejskiej, którego produkcja nie pokrywa potrzeb rynku wewnętrznego i konieczny jest import. Samowystarczalność mięsa baraniego od lat mieści się na poziomie ok. 8o%. Rynek baraniny w krajach UE stanowi niszę i jest dostępny dla polskich producentów. Produkcja w Polsce mięsa jagnięcego w 2011 roku kształtowała się na poziomie 3.6 tys. ton. Spożycie jagnięciny w Polsce niezmiennie od wielu lat kształtuje się na bardzo niskim poziomie w porównaniu z tendencjami widocznymi w innych krajach Unii Europejskiej. O polskiej produkcji owczarskiej decyduje głównie rynek zagraniczny, w tym możliwości eksportu jagniąt rzeźnych na rynek krajów Unii Europejskie

The Del1 deposition domain can immobilize 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the extracellular matrix without interfering with enzymatic activity

Developing methods that result in targeting of therapeutic molecules in gene therapies to target tissues has importance, as targeting can increase efficacy and decrease off target-side-effects. Work from my laboratory previously showed that the extracellular matrix protein Del1 is organized in the extracellular matrix (ECM) via the Del1 deposition domain (DDD). In this work, a fusion protein with DDD was made to assay the ability to immobilize an enzyme without disrupting enzymatic function. A prostatic cancer-derived cell line LNCap that grows in an androgen-dependent manner was used with 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 αHD), which catalyzes dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Plasmids encoding a 3αHD:DDD fusion were generated and transfected into cultured cells. The effects of 3αHD immobilized in the ECM by the DDD were evaluated by monitoring growth of LNCap cells and DHT concentrations. It was demonstrated that the DDD could immobilize an enzyme in the ECM without interfering with function

Effect of culture conditions on androgen sensitivity of the human prostatic cancer cell line LNCaP

Several effects of androgens on LNCaP-FGC prostate tumor cells showed a biphasic pattern. Stimulation of growth and inhibition of secretion of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was observed at low androgen concentrations (below 1 nM of the synthetic androgen R1881), and inhibition of growth and stimulation of PAP secretion was observed at higher concentrations. In contrast, prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion did not show this biphasic response pattern. Comparable effects were found for two sublines of the LNCaP-FGC cells: an early (passage 20, androgen-dependent) and relatively late (passage 70, androgen-sensitive) passage of the cells. Culturing of both sublines in the presence of a high concentration of androgens (10 nM R1881) resulted initially in a decrease in growth rate, but the cells started to proliferate within 3 weeks. These cells became less sensitive to androgens, lost their biphasic response pattern, and showed reduced androgen receptor levels. Three weeks after removal of the excess of androgens, the passage 70 cells regained a biphasic growth response to androgens. Culture in medium without steroids but with EGF resulted in a decrease of both androgen sensitivity and androgen receptor level. In conclusion, rapid changes of the androgen sensitivity and receptor level of the LNCaP cells occurred under the influence of culture conditions. These changes were partly reversible and, therefore, were most likely due to adaptation of the cells

Estrogen-dependent dynamic profile of eNOS-DNA associations in prostate cancer

In previous work we have documented the nuclear translocation of endothelial NOS (eNOS) and its participation in combinatorial complexes with Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) and Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) that determine localized chromatin remodeling in response to estrogen (E2) and hypoxia stimuli, resulting in transcriptional regulation of genes associated with adverse prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa). To explore the role of nuclear eNOS in the acquisition of aggressive phenotype in PCa, we performed ChIP-Sequencing on chromatin-associated eNOS from cells from a primary tumor with poor outcome and from metastatic LNCaP cells. We found that: 1. the eNOS-bound regions (peaks) are widely distributed across the genome encompassing multiple transcription factors binding sites, including Estrogen Response Elements. 2. E2 increased the number of peaks, indicating hormone-dependent eNOS re-localization. 3. Peak distribution was similar with/without E2 with ≈ 55% of them in extragenic DNA regions and an intriguing involvement of the 5′ domain of several miRs deregulated in PCa. Numerous potentially novel eNOS-targeted genes have been identified suggesting that eNOS participates in the regulation of large gene sets. The parallel finding of downregulation of a cluster of miRs, including miR-34a, in PCa cells associated with poor outcome led us to unveil a molecular link between eNOS and SIRT1, an epigenetic regulator of aging and tumorigenicity, negatively regulated by miR-34a and in turn activating eNOS. E2 potentiates miR-34a downregulation thus enhancing SIRT1 expression, depicting a novel eNOS/SIRT1 interplay fine-tuned by E2-activated ER signaling, and suggesting that eNOS may play an important role in aggressive PCa

Application of affymetrix array and massively parallel signature sequencing for identification of genes involved in prostate cancer progression

BACKGROUND: Affymetrix GeneChip Array and Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS) are two high throughput methodologies used to profile transcriptomes. Each method has certain strengths and weaknesses; however, no comparison has been made between the data derived from Affymetrix arrays and MPSS. In this study, two lineage-related prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and C4-2, were used for transcriptome analysis with the aim of identifying genes associated with prostate cancer progression. METHODS: Affymetrix GeneChip array and MPSS analyses were performed. Data was analyzed with GeneSpring 6.2 and in-house perl scripts. Expression array results were verified with RT-PCR. RESULTS: Comparison of the data revealed that both technologies detected genes the other did not. In LNCaP, 3,180 genes were only detected by Affymetrix and 1,169 genes were only detected by MPSS. Similarly, in C4-2, 4,121 genes were only detected by Affymetrix and 1,014 genes were only detected by MPSS. Analysis of the combined transcriptomes identified 66 genes unique to LNCaP cells and 33 genes unique to C4-2 cells. Expression analysis of these genes in prostate cancer specimens showed CA1 to be highly expressed in bone metastasis but not expressed in primary tumor and EPHA7 to be expressed in normal prostate and primary tumor but not bone metastasis. CONCLUSION: Our data indicates that transcriptome profiling with a single methodology will not fully assess the expression of all genes in a cell line. A combination of transcription profiling technologies such as DNA array and MPSS provides a more robust means to assess the expression profile of an RNA sample. Finally, genes that were differentially expressed in cell lines were also differentially expressed in primary prostate cancer and its metastases

ADAM-mediated amphiregulin shedding and EGFR transactivation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73073/1/j.1365-2184.2009.00645.x.pd